AP Biology chi-square flashcards
AP Biology chi-square flashcards for understanding statistical analysis in genetics and population studies.
Quiz(13 questions)
1. Which of the following best describes a chi-square test?
Terms in this Study Set(17)
What is the chi-square test used for?
To determine if there is a significant difference between observed and expected frequencies in categorical data.
Chi-square formula
\displaystyle \frac{(O - E)^2}{E}, where O = observed frequency, E = expected frequency.
True or false: Chi-square can be used for continuous data.
False, because chi-square is used only for categorical data.
Difference between observed and expected frequencies
Observed frequencies are collected data; expected frequencies are predicted by a hypothesis.
What does a high chi-square value indicate?
It suggests a significant difference between observed and expected data.
Degrees of freedom formula for chi-square
, where n is the number of categories.
What is the significance level commonly used in chi-square tests?
The 0.05 significance level is commonly used to determine statistical significance.
True or false: Chi-square tests require normally distributed data.
False, because chi-square tests do not require normality.
Fill in the blank: A chi-square value above the critical value indicates ____.
a significant difference in data.
Observed frequency example
If 30 out of 100 plants are tall, the observed frequency is 30.
Expected frequency calculation
If the ratio is 1:1, the expected frequency for tall plants in 100 trials is 50.
True or false: A chi-square test can confirm a hypothesis.
False, because chi-square tests only assess data compatibility with a hypothesis.
Difference between goodness-of-fit and test of independence
Goodness-of-fit tests one variable; test of independence examines two variables.
What do p-values represent in chi-square tests?
The probability that the observed data could occur under the null hypothesis.
What is the null hypothesis in chi-square tests?
The assumption that there is no significant difference between observed and expected frequencies.
Chi-square test limitations
Requires a minimum expected frequency of 5 in each category for validity.
What does a p-value less than 0.05 indicate?
It suggests that the observed data significantly differs from the expected data.
Questions in this Study Set(13)
1. Which of the following best describes a chi-square test?
2. What does a low chi-square value suggest?
3. Which statement about degrees of freedom in chi-square tests is correct?
4. Which situation could require a chi-square test?
5. What is the expected frequency if you observe 10 outcomes in a ratio of 1:3?
6. Which of the following is NOT a requirement for a chi-square test?
7. What does a p-value of 0.03 indicate?
8. In a test of independence, what does a significant result imply?
9. Which type of data can a chi-square test analyze?
10. If a chi-square test yields a value of 15.5 with df = 3, what should be checked next?
11. Which of the following scenarios uses a chi-square goodness-of-fit test?
12. If the null hypothesis is rejected in a chi-square test, what is the conclusion?
13. In terms of chi-square analysis, what does a cell with an expected frequency of less than 5 indicate?
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