A&P 2 respiratory mechanics flashcards
Study respiratory mechanics in A&P 2 with these flashcards featuring essential concepts, terms, and questions for college-level biology students.
Quiz(48 questions)
1. What is the primary purpose of the bronchi?
Terms in this Study Set(48)
Respiratory Anatomy(16)
What is the primary function of the respiratory system?
To facilitate gas exchange by bringing oxygen into the body and removing carbon dioxide.
True or False: The diaphragm is an involuntary muscle.
False. The diaphragm is primarily an involuntary muscle but can be controlled voluntarily.
Fill in the blank: The _____ are the primary sites of gas exchange.
Alveoli.
What structure connects the larynx to the bronchi?
The trachea, also known as the windpipe.
Compare bronchi and bronchioles.
Bronchi: larger, conducting air. Bronchioles: smaller, regulatory air flow to alveoli.
What is the role of the nasal cavity?
To filter, warm, and humidify incoming air before it reaches the lungs.
What is the pleura?
A double-layered membrane surrounding the lungs, providing lubrication and reducing friction.
Cause → Effect: Damage to the alveoli results in _____.
Reduced gas exchange efficiency and possible respiratory failure.
True or False: The thoracic cavity is involved in breathing mechanics.
True. It expands and contracts, aiding in lung inflation and deflation.
What is the function of the epiglottis?
To prevent food from entering the trachea during swallowing.
What are the main parts of the respiratory system?
Nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli.
Describe the function of surfactant.
Reduces surface tension in the alveoli, preventing collapse during exhalation.
What is the role of the larynx?
To produce sound and protect the airway during swallowing.
Fill in the blank: The _____ is the primary muscle of respiration.
Diaphragm.
True or False: The alveolar-capillary membrane is thick.
False. It is thin to facilitate efficient gas exchange.
What is the primary purpose of the respiratory mucosa?
To trap pathogens and particles, providing a defense mechanism for the respiratory system.
Ventilation Mechanics(16)
What is ventilation?
The process of moving air in and out of the lungs, encompassing inspiration and expiration.
Inspiration vs. Expiration?
Inspiration: air intake; Expiration: air release. Contrasting phases of breathing.
True or False: Air flows from low to high pressure.
True. Air moves from areas of higher pressure to lower pressure during breathing.
Fill in the blank: _________ is the pressure inside the pleural cavity.
Intrapleural pressure. It helps keep the lungs inflated.
What is tidal volume?
The amount of air inhaled or exhaled in a normal breath, approximately 500 mL.
Cause → Effect: Increased lung compliance.
Allows larger volumes of air to be inhaled; may indicate healthy lung function.
What role does surfactant play?
Reduces surface tension in alveoli, preventing collapse and aiding in lung expansion.
Explain Boyle's Law.
States that pressure and volume are inversely related. .
Compare passive and active expiration.
Passive: no muscle use, relies on elastic recoil; Active: requires muscle contraction.
What drives airflow into the lungs?
The pressure gradient created by changes in thoracic cavity volume during inspiration.
True or False: Diaphragm contraction decreases thoracic volume.
False. Diaphragm contraction increases thoracic volume, aiding in inspiration.
Define minute ventilation.
Total volume of air breathed in one minute; calculated as tidal volume × respiratory rate.
What is dead space in the lungs?
Areas where air does not participate in gas exchange, such as the trachea and bronchi.
How does lung elasticity affect ventilation?
High elasticity facilitates easy lung expansion and contraction; low elasticity makes breathing difficult.
Fill in the blank: ___________ pressure drives ventilation.
Atmospheric pressure. It influences airflow based on pressure differences.
What is the role of intercostal muscles?
Assist in expanding and contracting the rib cage during breathing; critical for active ventilation.
Gas Exchange(16)
What is gas exchange?
The process of oxygen and carbon dioxide moving between the bloodstream and tissues, primarily occurring in the alveoli of the lungs.
True or false: Oxygen is transported only by hemoglobin.
False. Oxygen is transported both dissolved in plasma and bound to hemoglobin.
What is the role of alveoli?
Alveoli increase surface area for gas exchange and facilitate diffusion of oxygen and carbon dioxide.
Fill in the blank: The primary gas exchanged during respiration is __________.
oxygen.
How does carbon dioxide travel in the blood?
- 70% as bicarbonate ions (HCO3-) - 20% bound to hemoglobin - 10% dissolved in plasma.
Compare partial pressures of oxygen and carbon dioxide in alveoli.
Oxygen is higher (around 104 mmHg) and carbon dioxide is lower (around 40 mmHg), facilitating diffusion.
What is the significance of the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve?
It illustrates how hemoglobin's affinity for oxygen changes with different partial pressures, affecting oxygen delivery to tissues.
Cause → Effect: Increased physical activity leads to __________.
Increased oxygen demand and carbon dioxide production.
What is the Bohr effect?
It describes how increased carbon dioxide and lower pH decrease hemoglobin's affinity for oxygen, enhancing oxygen release in tissues.
True or false: Decreased temperature increases hemoglobin's affinity for oxygen.
True. Lower temperatures promote hemoglobin binding to oxygen, enhancing oxygen uptake.
How does diffusion affect gas exchange?
Gas moves from areas of higher partial pressure to areas of lower partial pressure, ensuring efficient exchange.
What role do capillaries play in gas exchange?
Capillaries surround alveoli, allowing oxygen and carbon dioxide to diffuse between blood and air.
What is Henry's Law?
States that the amount of gas dissolved in a liquid is proportional to its partial pressure.
Fill in the blank: Carbon dioxide is more soluble in blood than __________.
oxygen.
How does the respiratory system respond to high altitude?
It increases breathing rate and depth to compensate for lower oxygen availability.
Describe diffusion distance's impact on gas exchange efficiency.
Increased diffusion distance reduces efficiency; thinner barriers improve gas exchange rates.
Questions in this Study Set(48)
1. What is the primary purpose of the bronchi?
2. What is the primary purpose of ventilation in the respiratory system?
3. What is the primary function of the alveoli?
4. True or False: The trachea is also known as the voice box.
5. Which phase of breathing involves muscle contraction to bring air into the lungs?
6. Which gas is primarily absorbed in the alveoli during respiration?
7. Which structure is responsible for protecting the lower respiratory tract from food and liquids?
8. True or False: During expiration, the pressure inside the lungs decreases.
9. True or false: Carbon dioxide is less soluble in blood than oxygen.
10. Compare the structure and function of bronchi and bronchioles.
11. Fill in the blank: The pressure that helps keep the lungs inflated is known as __________ pressure.
12. What happens to oxygen diffusion in tissues when carbon dioxide levels rise?
13. What role does the diaphragm play during inhalation?
14. What is the average tidal volume for an adult at rest?
15. Fill in the blank: The majority of carbon dioxide in the blood is transported as __________.
16. Which is NOT a function of the nasal cavity?
17. What is the effect of increased lung compliance on breathing?
18. What is the typical partial pressure of oxygen in the alveoli?
19. Fill in the blank: The _____ is a thin membrane surrounding each lung.
20. What role does surfactant play in the lungs?
21. True or false: The affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen decreases with lower temperatures.
22. What is the purpose of surfactant in the alveoli?
23. According to Boyle's Law, what happens to pressure when the volume of a gas increases?
24. Which of the following describes Henry's Law?
25. True or False: The alveoli are thick-walled structures that enhance gas exchange.
26. What distinguishes passive expiration from active expiration?
27. Which scenario best illustrates the effect of physical activity on gas exchange?
28. What is the role of the larynx in the respiratory system?
29. What creates the pressure gradient that drives airflow into the lungs during inspiration?
30. Which is NOT a mechanism of carbon dioxide transport in the blood?
31. What happens to the thoracic cavity during expiration?
32. True or False: Diaphragm contraction leads to a decrease in thoracic volume.
33. What does the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve illustrate?
34. What is the main purpose of respiratory mucosa?
35. What is minute ventilation?
36. Which factor does NOT impact the efficiency of gas exchange in the alveoli?
37. Which structure connects the pharynx to the trachea?
38. Where in the respiratory system does dead space occur?
39. How does the respiratory system compensate at high altitudes?
40. Which of the following is NOT a part of the respiratory system?
41. How does lung elasticity impact the process of ventilation?
42. Fill in the blank: Gas moves from areas of __________ partial pressure to areas of __________ partial pressure during diffusion.
43. What is the primary function of the alveoli?
44. Fill in the blank: __________ pressure is a key factor in driving ventilation.
45. What is the Bohr effect primarily associated with?
46. What structure regulates airflow into the alveoli and is smaller than bronchi?
47. What is the function of intercostal muscles during breathing?
48. Which of the following statements about gas exchange in the lungs is TRUE?
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