Heuristics and biases exam review
Heuristics and biases are cognitive shortcuts that simplify decision-making but can lead to systematic errors. Understanding these concepts is crucial for analyzing human behavior and judgment in psychology.
Quiz(13 preguntas)
1. Which of the following is an example of confirmation bias?
Términos en este set(15)
What is a heuristic?
A mental shortcut that allows individuals to make quick decisions based on limited information.
Confirmation bias: Define it.
The tendency to search for, interpret, and remember information that confirms one's preexisting beliefs.
True or false: Heuristics always lead to accurate decisions.
False, because heuristics can result in cognitive biases and flawed judgments.
Difference between availability heuristic and representativeness heuristic.
Availability heuristic relies on immediate examples that come to mind, while representativeness heuristic involves judging based on how closely something matches a prototype.
Fill in the blank: The _____ bias distorts perception based on one's initial exposure.
Anchoring bias.
What is the affect heuristic?
A mental shortcut where current emotions influence decisions and judgments.
Question: How does the Dunning-Kruger effect manifest?
Individuals with low ability at a task overestimate their ability.
True or false: Sunk cost fallacy encourages rational decision-making.
False, because it leads people to continue investing in a poor decision based on prior commitment.
What is the representativeness heuristic?
A cognitive shortcut that involves judging the likelihood of an event based on how much it resembles a typical case.
Question: What does the term 'hindsight bias' refer to?
The tendency to see events as having been predictable after they have already occurred.
Difference between loss aversion and risk aversion.
Loss aversion refers to the tendency to prefer avoiding losses, while risk aversion is the preference for certainty over potential gains.
Fill in the blank: The _____ effect describes how people react to losses more strongly than to gains.
Loss aversion.
What is the availability heuristic?
A cognitive bias that leads individuals to overestimate the likelihood of events based on their availability in memory.
Question: What is framing effect?
The way information is presented affects decision-making and judgment.
True or false: Groupthink is a heuristic.
False, because groupthink is a psychological phenomenon that occurs in groups when the desire for harmony leads to poor decisions.
Preguntas en este set(13)
1. Which of the following is an example of confirmation bias?
2. What does the anchoring bias influence?
3. Which bias leads to overestimating one’s abilities?
4. What is the primary concern of risk aversion?
5. Which of the following is NOT a cognitive bias?
6. What does loss aversion refer to?
7. If someone is influenced by how a choice is framed, they are experiencing:
8. Which heuristic involves assessing the probability of events based on their resemblance?
9. In groupthink, what is typically sacrificed?
10. Which cognitive bias can lead to misjudging the frequency of events?
11. The sunk cost fallacy encourages individuals to:
12. How does the affect heuristic influence decision-making?
13. Which bias leads to the perception of predictability after an event occurs?
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