AP Biology Hardy-Weinberg practice

What does Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium describe?

It's a state where allele and genotype frequencies remain constant over generations in a population.

Formula for Hardy-Weinberg principle?

The formula is $\displaystyle p^2 + 2pq + q^2 = 1$, where $\displaystyle p$ and $\displaystyle q$ are allele frequencies.

What are the five conditions for Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium?

1. Large population size 2. No mutations 3. No gene flow 4. Random mating 5. No natural selection

True or false: Evolution occurs in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium.

False, because Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium implies no evolution is taking place.

Difference between p and q?

p is the frequency of the dominant allele, while q is the frequency of the recessive allele.

What does the term 'genetic drift' refer to?

Random changes in allele frequencies in a population, significant in small populations.

Calculate q if p = 0.7.

q = 1 - p = 1 - 0.7 = 0.3.

What does 2pq represent?

2pq represents the frequency of heterozygous genotypes in a population.

True or false: Gene flow can disrupt Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium.

True, because gene flow introduces new alleles, changing allele frequencies.

What is an example of a violation of Hardy-Weinberg conditions?

Natural selection acts on a population, favoring certain alleles over others.

Fill in the blank: In a population with allele frequencies p and q, \displaystyle p + q = ____

1. This reflects that the total frequency of all alleles equals 1.

What is the expected frequency of homozygous recessive individuals?

The frequency is given by $\displaystyle q^2$. If q = 0.3, then $\displaystyle q^2 = 0.09$.

Difference between natural selection and genetic drift?

Natural selection involves non-random survival, while genetic drift is random.

True or false: Random mating affects allele frequencies.

False, because random mating does not change allele frequencies, only genotype frequencies.