AP Psych prejudice and discrimination review

Define prejudice.

Prejudice is a preconceived negative judgment about a group and its members, often based on stereotypes.

What is explicit prejudice?

Explicit prejudice refers to attitudes and beliefs about a group that individuals are openly aware of and express.

True or False: Stereotypes are always negative.

False. Stereotypes can be positive, negative, or neutral but often lead to biased treatment.

What is implicit prejudice?

Implicit prejudice involves unconscious attitudes or beliefs about a group that influence behavior without awareness.

Fill in the blank: __________ prejudice is based on social norms and public attitudes.

Explicit

Compare in-group bias and out-group bias.

In-group bias favors one's own group, while out-group bias leads to negative treatment of those outside one's group.

What does the social learning theory suggest about prejudice?

Prejudice is learned through observation of others, socialization, and reinforcement of group attitudes.

List two sources of prejudice.

- Socialization - Media representation

Define stereotype threat.

Stereotype threat is the risk of conforming to negative stereotypes about one's group, affecting performance.

What is the scapegoat theory?

Scapegoat theory suggests that prejudice arises from the need to blame others for personal or societal problems.

Cause → Effect: Social categorization leads to __________.

stereotyping and prejudice.

What is the role of cognitive dissonance in prejudice?

Cognitive dissonance occurs when individuals hold conflicting beliefs about a group, potentially leading to changed attitudes.

True or False: All individuals in a group share the same characteristics.

False. Groups are diverse, but individuals often oversimplify group traits through stereotypes.

How does the contact hypothesis reduce prejudice?

The contact hypothesis posits that increased interaction between groups can reduce prejudice if conditions are favorable.

Define modern racism.

Modern racism refers to subtle, often unconscious, forms of prejudice that appear in socially accepted contexts.

What is the affective component of prejudice?

The affective component includes the emotional responses or feelings towards a group, such as fear or anger.

What is direct discrimination?

Direct discrimination occurs when an individual is treated unfavorably because of a protected characteristic, such as race or gender.

Example of institutional discrimination?

A company consistently hiring only men for leadership roles, limiting women's career progression.

True or False: Stereotyping leads to discrimination.

True - Stereotyping simplifies complex identities and can result in unfair treatment.

What is indirect discrimination?

Indirect discrimination happens when a policy that seems neutral disproportionately affects a specific group.

Fill in the blank: ____ discrimination involves exclusion from social opportunities.

Economic discrimination - It limits access to resources like jobs and housing.

Cause of racial discrimination?

Historical context - Past injustices often create systemic biases in current policies.

Compare microaggressions and overt discrimination.

Microaggressions are subtle, often unintentional comments; overt discrimination is blatant and conscious.

What is age discrimination?

Age discrimination refers to treating someone less favorably due to their age, typically affecting older adults.

Example of gender discrimination?

Wage gap: women often earn less than men for similar work, reflecting gender bias.

True or False: Discrimination can occur without prejudice.

False - Discrimination often stems from prejudicial beliefs or attitudes.

What is ableism?

Ableism is discrimination against individuals with disabilities, often resulting in societal barriers.

Fill in the blank: ____ discrimination can involve language barriers.

Linguistic discrimination - It disadvantages non-native speakers in professional settings.

What is the impact of discrimination?

Discrimination leads to social inequality, mental health issues, and economic disparities.

Example of sexual orientation discrimination?

Denial of service to same-sex couples at a wedding venue based on their sexual orientation.

True or False: Discrimination is only illegal in the workplace.

False - Discrimination is illegal in various areas, including housing and education.

What is colorism?

Colorism is discrimination based on skin color, often within the same racial or ethnic group.

How is discrimination measured?

Discrimination can be measured through surveys, disparity indices, and legal cases.

What is reverse discrimination?

Reverse discrimination refers to preferential treatment given to a minority group to counter past discrimination.

Example of religious discrimination?

A workplace denying time off for employees to observe their religious holidays.

What is xenophobia?

Xenophobia is the fear or hatred of strangers or foreigners, often resulting in discriminatory practices.

What is social identity theory?

A theory by Henri Tajfel that explains how group membership shapes self-concept and behavior.

True or False: In-group favoritism promotes positive bias towards out-group members.

False. In-group favoritism leads to bias against out-group members, reinforcing prejudice.

Fill in the blank: Social identity can lead to ____ when individuals favor their own group.

discrimination

How does social categorization contribute to bias?

It simplifies perception, often exaggerating differences and minimization of similarities between groups.

Comparison: In-group vs. Out-group.

- In-group: a group one identifies with. - Out-group: a group one does not identify with.

What role does conformity play in prejudice?

Individuals may adopt prejudiced views to align with social norms of their in-group.

Cause → Effect: Ethnocentrism.

Cause: Viewing one's own culture as superior. Effect: Increased prejudice against other cultures.

What is stereotype threat?

A situational predicament where individuals fear confirming negative stereotypes about their group, impacting performance.

True or False: Social identity has no impact on personal biases.

False. Social identity significantly influences personal biases.

Example of social identity effect in everyday life?

Sports fans showing loyalty and bias towards their team's players while criticizing opponents.

What is the significance of group dynamics in prejudice?

Group dynamics can strengthen prejudice through shared beliefs and social reinforcement among members.

How can social identity contribute to conflict?

Social identity can lead to competition for resources and power, fostering intergroup conflict and hostility.

What is intergroup contact theory?

The hypothesis that increased contact between groups can reduce prejudice. Key conditions include: - Equal status - Common goals - Cooperation - Support from authorities

True or False: Education can reduce prejudice.

True. Education increases awareness and understanding, challenging stereotypes and fostering empathy.

Fill in the blank: ___________ involves promoting empathy by understanding others' experiences.

Perspective-taking.

How does cooperative learning reduce prejudice?

By fostering teamwork toward a common goal, it promotes positive intergroup interactions and relationships.

What is the contact hypothesis?

A theory suggesting that under specified conditions, direct contact between members of different groups can reduce prejudice.

Cause → Effect: Increased diversity in a workplace leads to __________.

Reduced prejudice and improved collaboration.

Comparison: Individual vs. Group interventions for reducing prejudice.

Individual interventions focus on personal biases; group interventions emphasize collective experiences and shared goals.

What role does media play in reducing prejudice?

Media representation can challenge stereotypes and promote positive images of marginalized groups, influencing public perceptions.