Pharmacokinetics ADME flashcards
Study the essential concepts of pharmacokinetics through flashcards covering ADME: Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, and Excretion.
Quiz(32 questions)
1. What is the primary mechanism by which drugs are absorbed in the gastrointestinal tract?
Terms in this Study Set(32)
Absorption and Distribution(16)
What is drug absorption?
The process of a drug entering the bloodstream after administration.
List the main routes of drug absorption.
- Oral - Intravenous - Subcutaneous - Intramuscular
True or False: Oral drugs bypass first-pass metabolism.
False: Oral drugs undergo first-pass metabolism in the liver before reaching systemic circulation.
How does surface area affect absorption?
Increased surface area enhances absorption due to greater contact with the intestinal wall.
What are bioavailability and its importance?
Bioavailability measures the fraction of a drug that enters systemic circulation. Higher bioavailability means more effective treatment.
Fill in the blank: The ___________ is the main site for drug absorption.
small intestine
Compare subcutaneous vs intravenous administration.
Subcutaneous: - Slower absorption - Easy to administer Intravenous: - Immediate effect - Directly enters the bloodstream.
What factors influence drug distribution?
- Blood flow to tissues - Drug solubility - Plasma protein binding
Cause → Effect: High lipid solubility results in...
...increased ability to cross cell membranes and reach target tissues.
What is distribution volume (Vd)?
A theoretical value indicating how extensively a drug disperses in body tissues relative to plasma.
True or False: Protein binding affects drug distribution.
True: Highly protein-bound drugs have limited distribution and prolonged effects.
How does age affect drug absorption?
Older adults may have reduced gastric acidity and slower gastrointestinal motility, affecting absorption rates.
What is passive diffusion in drug absorption?
The process where drugs move across cell membranes from high to low concentrations without energy.
List two factors that can hinder drug absorption.
- Food interaction - Drug formulation (e.g., extended-release)
What factors enhance drug absorption in the GI tract?
- High pH (alkaline environment) - Presence of food (may increase or decrease) - Formulation (liquid vs. solid) - Drug lipophilicity (fat-soluble drugs absorb better) - Surface area (more area = better absorption)
True or False: Blood flow affects drug distribution.
True: Increased blood flow enhances distribution to tissues, allowing for faster action.
Metabolism and Excretion(16)
What is drug metabolism?
The biochemical modification of pharmaceutical substances by living organisms, often through enzymatic activity.
True or False: Metabolism always increases drug activity.
False. Metabolism can inactivate drugs or convert them to active metabolites.
What are the phases of drug metabolism?
Phase I: Modification (oxidation, reduction, hydrolysis). Phase II: Conjugation (synthesis).
Fill in the blank: The liver is the primary organ for _____ metabolism.
drug
What is the first-pass effect?
The reduction of drug concentration due to metabolism in the liver before reaching systemic circulation.
Compare phase I and phase II metabolism.
Phase I: Chemical modification, usually makes drugs more polar. Phase II: Conjugation, enhances water solubility for excretion.
How does age affect drug metabolism?
Elderly usually have reduced metabolism; children may have faster metabolism, affecting dosage.
What are cytochrome P450 enzymes?
A family of enzymes critical for drug metabolism, involved in Phase I reactions.
True or False: All drugs are excreted unchanged.
False. Many drugs are metabolized before excretion, altering their form.
What is renal excretion?
The process by which drugs and metabolites are eliminated from the body via urine.
Cause → Effect: Drug metabolism increases lipid solubility.
Effect: Increased renal excretion efficiency.
What factors influence drug metabolism?
Genetics, age, sex, liver function, drug interactions, and environmental factors.
Fill in the blank: Glomerular filtration primarily occurs in the _____ of the kidney.
glomerulus
What role does the bile play in drug excretion?
Bile can excrete drugs and their metabolites via feces, especially large or non-polar compounds.
What is clearance in pharmacokinetics?
The volume of plasma from which a substance is completely removed per unit time, typically measured in mL/min.
Example: How would a drug's half-life affect dosing?
Short half-life may require more frequent dosing to maintain therapeutic levels.
Questions in this Study Set(32)
1. What is the primary mechanism by which drugs are absorbed in the gastrointestinal tract?
2. What is the primary purpose of drug metabolism?
3. Which of the following routes typically provides the fastest absorption of a drug?
4. True or False: Phase II metabolism typically involves oxidation reactions.
5. True or False: Drugs absorbed through the skin enter systemic circulation immediately.
6. What effect does the first-pass effect have on drug bioavailability?
7. What effect does high lipid solubility have on a drug's absorption?
8. Comparing Phase I and Phase II metabolism, which of the following is true?
9. Which is NOT a factor that can affect drug bioavailability?
10. How would advanced age generally affect drug metabolism?
11. What is the term used to describe the fraction of an administered dose that reaches systemic circulation?
12. What is the role of cytochrome P450 enzymes in drug metabolism?
13. Fill in the blank: The ___________ is the primary site for drug absorption in the body.
14. Which of the following is NOT a factor influencing drug metabolism?
15. How do food interactions typically affect drug absorption?
16. What is renal excretion?
17. Which of the following can hinder drug absorption?
18. Which statement about drug clearance is true?
19. True or False: The gastrointestinal pH can influence drug absorption.
20. What can be a consequence of drug metabolism increasing lipid solubility?
21. What is the effect of plasma protein binding on drug distribution?
22. Fill in the blank: The _____ is the primary site for drug metabolism in the body.
23. Which factor is most likely to enhance drug absorption in the gastrointestinal tract?
24. True or False: Most drugs are excreted unchanged from the body.
25. What role does surface area play in drug absorption?
26. What is the primary function of bile in drug excretion?
27. Which of the following factors typically increases drug distribution?
28. How does the half-life of a drug influence its dosing schedule?
29. True or False: Age has no effect on drug absorption rates.
30. What is the effect of drug interactions on metabolism?
31. Which of the following correctly describes passive diffusion in drug absorption?
32. Which of the following statements about the first-pass effect is true?
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