APUSH second-wave feminism
Study key concepts, events, and figures of second-wave feminism in U.S. history, focusing on the movement's development and impact from the 1960s to the 1980s.
Quiz(64 questions)
1. What was the major argument presented in Betty Friedan's 'The Feminine Mystique'?
Terms in this Study Set(64)
Foundational Theories and Key Figures(16)
Betty Friedan → Major work
The Feminine Mystique (1963) argued against the suburban housewife stereotype, igniting the second-wave feminism movement.
What was the significance of the National Organization for Women (NOW)?
Founded in 1966, NOW focused on advocating for women's rights, including equal pay and reproductive rights.
Simone de Beauvoir's influence
Wrote 'The Second Sex' (1949) which explored women's oppression and inspired feminist thinkers in the U.S.
True or False: Gloria Steinem founded Ms. Magazine.
True - She co-founded it in 1972, providing a voice for feminist issues and discussions.
What did the Equal Rights Amendment (ERA) aim to achieve?
Proposed to ensure equal legal rights for all American citizens regardless of sex - failed ratification by 1982.
Key figure: Audre Lorde
An influential writer and activist who emphasized the connection between race, gender, and sexuality in feminism.
Second-wave feminism timeline start
Began in the early 1960s and lasted through the 1980s, addressing a broad range of issues.
Compare first and second-wave feminism.
- First-wave: suffrage and legal rights. - Second-wave: workplace, reproductive rights, and sexuality.
Key concept: Consciousness-raising groups
These groups facilitated discussions among women to raise awareness and share experiences regarding social issues.
What was the impact of Roe v. Wade?
The 1973 Supreme Court decision legalized abortion, significantly impacting women's reproductive rights.
What is 'the personal is political'?
A feminist slogan that suggests personal experiences are connected to larger social and political structures.
Key figure: Betty Friedan vs. Gloria Steinem
- Friedan: Focused on mainstream women's issues. - Steinem: Advocated for diverse feminist perspectives.
What did the Women's Liberation Movement advocate for?
Advocated for social, political, and economic equality for women, expanding beyond suffrage to include many issues.
True or False: Second-wave feminism only focused on white women's issues.
False - While often critiqued for this, it addressed various issues including race, class, and sexuality.
Key concept: Intersectionality
Introduced by Kimberlé Crenshaw; emphasizes how various forms of discrimination overlap and affect women differently.
Key figure: bell hooks
An influential feminist theorist, bell hooks focused on the intersection of race, gender, and class. - Advocate for a more inclusive feminism - Critic of mainstream feminist movements - Emphasized the importance of love and community in activism.
Legislation and Social Movements(16)
Equal Pay Act of 1963
Prohibits gender-based wage discrimination. Requires equal pay for equal work, aimed to reduce wage gap.
Title IX of the Education Amendments
Passed in 1972, prohibits gender discrimination in federally funded education programs.
Roe v. Wade (1973)
Legalized abortion nationwide. Established women's right to choose, pivotal for reproductive rights.
National Organization for Women (NOW)
Founded in 1966, aims to advocate for women's rights and equality through legislation and education.
The Feminine Mystique
Published by Betty Friedan in 1963, sparked second-wave feminism by addressing women's dissatisfaction with domestic roles.
True or False: The ERA was ratified by all states.
False: The Equal Rights Amendment was not ratified by enough states by the 1982 deadline.
Womens' Liberation Movement vs. Suffrage Movement
Womens' Liberation: focused on broader social issues. Suffrage: focused solely on voting rights.
The Civil Rights Act of 1964
Outlaws discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, or national origin. Significant for women's workplace rights.
Contraceptive access laws
Various laws in the 1960s and 70s expanded access to birth control, crucial for women's autonomy.
Miss America Pageant protest (1968)
Activists highlighted objectification of women. Sparked broader discussions on women's rights and body image.
The Combahee River Collective
Founded in 1974, focused on intersectionality among race, gender, and sexuality. Crucial for black feminism.
Griswold v. Connecticut (1965)
Supreme Court case that ruled against state laws prohibiting contraceptive use by married couples.
Women's March on Washington (1970)
A massive demonstration for women's rights and equality, showcasing solidarity among diverse women.
Family Medical Leave Act (1993)
Allows eligible employees to take unpaid leave for family and medical reasons. Important for working women.
The Women's Health Movement
Emerging in the 1970s, focused on women's health issues, promoting access to information and healthcare.
The Equal Rights Amendment (ERA)
Proposed amendment to ensure equal rights regardless of sex. Not ratified, remains a significant feminist goal.
Cultural Impact and Critiques(16)
Cultural landmark films of the 1970s
- 'The Stepford Wives' (1975) - Critique of traditional gender roles - 'Feminist Mystique' themes portrayed
True or false: Second-wave feminism only focused on middle-class white women.
False. The movement included diverse voices advocating for racial, sexual, and economic equality.
Impact of Title IX (1972) on sports
Increased women's participation in athletics; funding for women's sports programs.
Feminist publications in the 1970s
- 'Ms. Magazine' - Discussed women's issues openly - 'Our Bodies, Ourselves' - Addressed women's health and sexuality.
Fill in the blank: The _______ movement highlighted critiques of traditional femininity.
Women’s Liberation Movement.
Comparison of 1960s and 1970s feminist literature
1960s: Focused on personal experiences (e.g., 'The Feminine Mystique') 1970s: Broader socio-political critiques (e.g., 'Sexual Politics').
Second-wave feminism's view on reproductive rights
Advocated for women's autonomy over their bodies, leading to landmark cases like Roe v. Wade (1973).
Key cultural critique in the 1970s feminist movement
Critique of the media's portrayal of women; demanded more realistic and diverse representation.
Question: What was a significant outcome of the feminist art movement?
Increased visibility of women artists and issues through galleries and exhibitions.
The role of music in second-wave feminism
- Empowering anthems (e.g., 'I Am Woman' by Helen Reddy) - Protest songs addressing women's rights.
True or false: Second-wave feminists only focused on legal issues.
False. They also addressed cultural attitudes and societal norms affecting women's lives.
Impact of the personal is political slogan
Encouraged women to understand personal experiences in broader political contexts, linking personal struggles to systemic issues.
Describe the backlash against second-wave feminism in the 1980s.
- Rise of anti-feminist movements - Critiques from conservative groups claiming feminism harmed family values.
Role of intersectionality in cultural critiques
Highlighted how race, class, and sexuality intersect in women's experiences, broadening the feminist discourse.
Example of a feminist critique of advertising in the 1970s
Advertisements often portrayed women as dependent on men, reinforcing gender stereotypes.
Cultural impact of women's music festivals
Provided a platform for women musicians, fostering community and visibility for women in the arts.
Intersectionality and Diverse Voices(16)
Intersectionality definition
A concept by Kimberlé Crenshaw highlighting how various social identities (race, gender, class) intersect and uniquely impact experiences of oppression.
Who coined the term "intersectionality"?
Kimberlé Crenshaw in 1989.
True or False: Intersectionality only focuses on race and gender.
False. It also includes class, sexual orientation, ability, and more.
Major critique of second-wave feminism regarding intersectionality
Mainstream feminism often excluded: - Women of color - LGBTQ+ communities - Working-class women
Contribution of women of color in second-wave feminism
- Developed critiques of mainstream feminism - Formed organizations like the Combahee River Collective - Highlighted unique struggles and intersections.
Fill in the blank: The _______________ addressed the needs of women of color within the feminist movement.
Combahee River Collective Statement.
Comparison: Second-wave feminism vs. first-wave feminism
Second-wave feminism: - Focus on workplace equality, - Reproductive rights, - Broader social issues. First-wave feminism: - Focus on suffrage, - Legal rights.
Impact of the Black Feminist Movement
Highlighted issues faced by Black women, advocating for rights that intersect race and gender.
Question: What was the significance of the Stonewall Riots for intersectional feminism?
It galvanized LGBTQ+ activism, emphasizing the need for inclusive feminism.
Key figure: Audre Lorde
- Poet and activist - Advocate for Black feminism - Promoted the idea that differences should be celebrated in feminist thought.
True or False: All feminist movements are inherently intersectional.
False. Many movements have historically prioritized the experiences of white, middle-class women.
How did Chicana feminism contribute to second-wave feminism?
Addressed issues of culture, identity, and discrimination faced by Mexican-American women.
The term "women of color" emerged in response to _____________.
The exclusion of non-white women's experiences in feminism.
What was the role of the National Organization for Women (NOW)?
Advocated for women's rights; initially focused on white, middle-class women's issues.
Key theme of intersectional feminism
- Acknowledgment of diverse experiences - Emphasis on inclusivity in feminist discourse.
Fill in the blank: The ____________ emphasized the importance of addressing racism and sexism simultaneously.
Combahee River Collective.
Questions in this Study Set(64)
1. What was the major argument presented in Betty Friedan's 'The Feminine Mystique'?
2. What does the term 'intersectionality' primarily refer to?
3. Which film released in the 1970s critiques traditional gender roles and aligns with second-wave feminist themes?
4. What does the Equal Pay Act of 1963 primarily aim to address?
5. Which organization was founded in 1966 to advocate for women's rights, including equal pay?
6. Who is credited with coining the term 'intersectionality'?
7. True or false: The second-wave feminist movement was exclusively focused on the issues of white, middle-class women.
8. Which legislation prohibits gender discrimination in educational programs receiving federal funding?
9. Which influential work did Simone de Beauvoir publish in 1949?
10. True or False: Intersectionality pertains only to issues of race and gender.
11. What was the primary impact of Title IX implemented in 1972?
12. What was the significance of Roe v. Wade (1973)?
13. True or False: Gloria Steinem co-founded Ms. Magazine in 1972.
14. What was a significant critique of second-wave feminism regarding intersectionality?
15. Which feminist publication discussed women's health and sexuality in the 1970s?
16. Which organization was founded to advocate for women's rights and equality through legislation and education in 1966?
17. What was the primary aim of the Equal Rights Amendment (ERA)?
18. What was a key contribution of women of color to second-wave feminism?
19. Fill in the blank: The _______ movement emphasized critiques of traditional femininity during the 1970s.
20. What impact did 'The Feminine Mystique' have on the feminist movement?
21. Which key figure emphasized the intersection of race, gender, and sexuality in feminism?
22. Fill in the blank: The _______________ focused on the unique experiences of Black women within the feminist movement.
23. How did feminist literature in the 1970s differ from that of the 1960s?
24. Which statement is true about the Equal Rights Amendment (ERA)?
25. When did the second-wave feminism movement begin?
26. How does second-wave feminism differ from first-wave feminism?
27. What was a key advocacy issue second-wave feminists fought for regarding reproductive rights?
28. What distinguishes the Women's Liberation Movement from the Suffrage Movement?
29. Which of the following best contrasts first and second-wave feminism?
30. What impact did the Black Feminist Movement have on feminism?
31. What was a significant critique made by the feminist movement about media portrayals of women in the 1970s?
32. What did the Civil Rights Act of 1964 achieve related to women's rights?
33. What was the goal of consciousness-raising groups during the second wave?
34. What role did the Stonewall Riots play in intersectional feminism?
35. What was one notable outcome of the feminist art movement in the 1970s?
36. Which movement emerged in the 1970s, focusing on women's health issues?
37. What was the significance of the Roe v. Wade Supreme Court decision?
38. Which key figure is known for advocating Black feminism and celebrating differences in feminist thought?
39. Which song became an empowering anthem for second-wave feminism?
40. What was the aim of contraceptive access laws passed in the 1960s and 70s?
41. Which phrase captures the essence of the feminist slogan 'the personal is political'?
42. True or False: All feminist movements prioritize the experiences of women of color.
43. True or false: Second-wave feminists only addressed legal issues without considering cultural factors.
44. What event in 1968 highlighted the objectification of women and sparked discussions on body image?
45. What was one key difference between Betty Friedan and Gloria Steinem's feminist approaches?
46. What was one of the contributions of Chicana feminism to the feminist movement?
47. What concept did the slogan 'the personal is political' promote?
48. What was the purpose of the Griswold v. Connecticut (1965) ruling?
49. What did the Women's Liberation Movement primarily advocate for?
50. The term 'women of color' emerged in response to _____________.
51. What was one form of backlash against second-wave feminism that emerged in the 1980s?
52. Which event in 1970 was a significant demonstration for women's rights?
53. True or False: Second-wave feminism only addressed issues faced by white women.
54. What was the primary focus of the National Organization for Women (NOW) when it was founded?
55. How did intersectionality impact cultural critiques in second-wave feminism?
56. What does the Family Medical Leave Act (1993) allow eligible employees to do?
57. Who introduced the concept of intersectionality in feminism?
58. Which key theme is central to intersectional feminism?
59. What was a common feminist critique of advertising during the 1970s?
60. What is the focus of The Combahee River Collective founded in 1974?
61. Which feminist theorist focused on the intersections of race, gender, and class?
62. Fill in the blank: The ____________ emphasized the simultaneous need to address racism and sexism.
63. What was a cultural impact of women’s music festivals in the 1970s?
64. Which of the following laws was passed to provide job protection for employees needing to take leave for family and medical reasons?
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