AP Euro French Revolution phases review
A comprehensive set of flashcards reviewing the phases of the French Revolution, including key events, figures, and concepts that are crucial for AP Euro students.
Quiz(64 questions)
1. What principle did the Napoleonic Code emphasize?
Terms in this Study Set(64)
Origins and Early Phases(16)
What were the main causes of the French Revolution?
- Social inequality - Economic hardship - Influence of Enlightenment ideas - Weak leadership of Louis XVI
Who made up the Third Estate?
The Third Estate included: - Peasants - Urban workers - Middle class (bourgeoisie) They represented the majority of the population but had little power.
True or False: The Estates-General was called to address the financial crisis.
True. The Estates-General was convened in 1789 to discuss France's financial issues, leading to calls for reforms.
Fill in the blank: The Tennis Court Oath was taken on __________.
June 20, 1789, where members of the Third Estate vowed not to disband until a new constitution was established.
What happened during the Storming of the Bastille?
On July 14, 1789, - Parisians stormed the Bastille prison. - It symbolized the uprising against tyranny.
Compare the National Assembly and the Estates-General.
National Assembly: - Formed by the Third Estate - Focused on reform Estates-General: - Traditional assembly of all three estates - Limited power over reforms
What document did the National Assembly adopt in August 1789?
The Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen, which emphasized individual rights, liberty, and equality.
Cause → Effect: Economic distress → __________.
Widespread discontent and calls for reforms, contributing to revolutionary sentiment.
What was the Women's March on Versailles?
On October 5, 1789, women marched to Versailles to demand bread and force the royal family to return to Paris.
True or False: The Civil Constitution of the Clergy supported the Catholic Church's authority.
False. It reorganized the Church in France and made clergy accountable to the state.
What was the significance of the Flight to Varennes?
In June 1791, King Louis XVI attempted to flee France, which damaged his reputation and increased suspicions against him.
List three reforms made by the National Assembly.
- Abolition of feudal privileges - Establishment of a constitutional monarchy - Reorganization of the administrative structure of France
What was the purpose of the Legislative Assembly?
Established in 1791, its purpose was to create laws and manage governance under the constitutional monarchy.
Fill in the blank: The __________ marked the end of the monarchy in France in 1792.
September Massacres, when fear of counter-revolution led to mass killings of prisoners.
What was the role of the sans-culottes during the revolution?
They were radical urban workers who demanded more radical changes, influencing the direction of the revolution.
True or False: The National Assembly was formed solely by the nobility.
False. It was formed predominantly by members of the Third Estate, representing the common people.
Radical Phase and Reign of Terror(16)
What was the primary goal of the Jacobins?
To rid France of enemies and establish a republic based on revolutionary principles.
True or False: The Reign of Terror was led by the Girondins.
False. It was led by the Jacobins, particularly Maximilien Robespierre.
Fill in the blank: The radical phase began after the _____.
fall of the monarchy in 1792.
What methods did the Jacobins use to enforce their policies?
- Revolutionary Tribunals - Arrests of perceived enemies - Public executions
What significant event marked the start of the Reign of Terror?
The execution of King Louis XVI in January 1793.
Compare the Jacobins and Girondins.
Jacobins: radical, urban, favoring strong central authority. Girondins: moderate, rural, advocating for provincial interests.
What was the Law of Suspects?
A decree that broadened the definition of 'enemies of the revolution' and led to mass arrests.
What role did the guillotine play during the Reign of Terror?
It became a symbol of revolutionary justice, used for executing perceived enemies.
Cause → Effect: The rise in foreign threats led to _____ during the Reign of Terror.
increased paranoia and repression within France.
What was the Committee of Public Safety?
A governing body that oversaw the Reign of Terror and defended the revolution from its enemies.
True or False: The Reign of Terror ended after Robespierre’s execution.
True. Robespierre's death in July 1794 marked a turning point.
What led to the fall of Robespierre?
His dictatorial rule and increasing paranoia alienated many allies.
What was the impact of the Reign of Terror on France?
- High death toll (estimated 16,000-40,000) - Widespread fear and distrust - Shift towards more moderate policies post-Terror
Who were the sans-culottes?
Working-class militants of Paris who supported radical measures during the revolution.
What was the purpose of the Decree on the Maximum?
To control prices and combat inflation, ensuring affordable bread for all.
True or False: The Reign of Terror targeted both enemies and allies of the revolution.
True. The Reign of Terror sought to eliminate perceived threats to the revolution, including internal dissent and counter-revolutionary elements, resulting in mass executions even among former allies.
Thermidorian Reaction and the Directory(16)
What is the Thermidorian Reaction?
A reaction against the radical Jacobins, leading to the fall of Robespierre in July 1794.
Who was executed during the Thermidorian Reaction?
Maximilien Robespierre and many of his allies were executed, signaling an end to radical measures.
True or False: The Directory was a response to radicalism.
True. The Directory aimed to stabilize France after the radical phase of the revolution.
What government structure replaced the Committee of Public Safety?
The Directory, which consisted of five directors and a bicameral legislature.
Fill in the blank: The Directory was established in _____.
1795, following the collapse of the Jacobin government.
What were two main challenges faced by the Directory?
- Economic instability - Political corruption and opposition
Compare the Jacobins and the Directory.
Jacobins were radical and sought equality through terror; the Directory was more moderate and focused on stability.
What is a notable economic issue during the Directory?
Rampant inflation and food shortages, leading to public discontent and uprisings.
What event marked the end of the Directory?
The coup of 18 Brumaire in 1799, leading to Napoleon's rise to power.
True or False: The Directory was popular among the French populace.
False. It faced widespread criticism and was seen as ineffective.
Who was Napoleon Bonaparte during the Directory period?
A military general who gained fame and was instrumental in the coup that ended the Directory.
What role did the military play in the Directory?
The military often intervened in political matters, supporting the Directory against uprisings.
What document established the Directory?
The Constitution of Year III, which created a bicameral legislature and the Directory.
What was the political stance of the Directory?
Moderate and republican, attempting to balance power between various political factions.
What significant uprisings occurred against the Directory?
- The Vendémiaire Uprising (1795) - The Prairial Uprising (1795)
Cause → Effect: Growing discontent with the Directory led to _____
Increasing military influence and the eventual coup by Napoleon.
Napoleonic Era(16)
What did the Napoleonic Code establish?
Legal equality, property rights, and civil liberties. It centralized legal code under one system.
True or False: Napoleon restored the monarchy in France.
False - He established a consulate and later declared himself Emperor.
Fill in the blank: Napoleon's military campaigns are known as _____.
The Napoleonic Wars.
What was the significance of the Battle of Austerlitz?
Napoleon's decisive victory over Austria and Russia, solidifying his power in Europe.
Cause → Effect: Napoleon's expansion into Europe led to...
The formation of coalitions against him, resulting in wars and changing alliances.
What was the Continental System?
Napoleon's blockade aimed at weakening Britain economically by prohibiting trade.
Compare the first and second exiles of Napoleon.
First: Elba, 1814 - brief rule. Second: St. Helena, 1815 - final captivity.
Who was the most significant enemy of Napoleon?
Britain - consistently opposed his expansion and was pivotal in coalitions.
True or False: The Peninsular War weakened Napoleon's hold on Spain.
True - Guerrilla warfare drained resources and morale.
What was the main result of the Congress of Vienna?
Restoration of monarchies and balance of power in Europe post-Napoleon.
Fill in the blank: Napoleon's inability to conquer _____ led to his downfall.
Russia.
What reforms did Napoleon implement in education?
Established lycées, a centralized education system emphasizing secularism and merit.
Short answer: Describe the significance of the Napoleonic Wars on Europe.
Redrew borders, spread revolutionary ideas, and instigated nationalist movements.
How did Napoleon's rule influence Europe?
Spread of nationalism, legal reforms, and the rise of modern states.
What was the impact of the Russian campaign of 1812?
Heavy losses for Napoleon, leading to the decline of his empire.
What tactic did the Russians use against Napoleon's forces?
Scorched earth strategy, retreating and destroying resources.
Questions in this Study Set(64)
1. What principle did the Napoleonic Code emphasize?
2. What was a primary economic cause of the French Revolution?
3. What was the primary cause of the Thermidorian Reaction?
4. What was the primary objective of the Committee of Public Safety during the Reign of Terror?
5. Which of the following was a key outcome of the Battle of Waterloo?
6. Which group was primarily responsible for initiating the Tennis Court Oath?
7. Which event directly led to the execution of Robespierre?
8. Which group was primarily responsible for the execution of King Louis XVI?
9. Fill in the blank: Napoleon's political system was known as _____.
10. True or False: The Estates-General had not been convened since 1614 before 1789.
11. True or False: The Directory was established to return to the ideals of the Jacobins.
12. What was the significance of the Law of 22 Prairial?
13. True or False: Napoleon's Continental System effectively weakened British trade.
14. What event is considered the symbolic start of the French Revolution?
15. What was the governing body created by the Constitution of Year III?
16. What did the term 'Reign of Terror' refer to?
17. Which of the following best describes the Peninsular War?
18. Fill in the blank: The National Assembly was established in __________.
19. Fill in the blank: The Directory was established in _____.
20. Which statement accurately describes the sans-culottes?
21. What was the main cause of Napoleon's downfall during the Russian campaign?
22. Which document outlined the principles of individual rights and equality in 1789?
23. Which two challenges were most significant for the Directory?
24. Which event effectively marked the end of the Reign of Terror?
25. Which of the following was NOT a result of the Napoleonic Wars?
26. Which of the following was NOT a reform initiated by the National Assembly?
27. How did the Jacobins and the Directory differ in their approach to governance?
28. Which of the following was NOT a method used by the Jacobins during the Reign of Terror?
29. Which reform did Napoleon implement in the education system?
30. What major event did the Women's March on Versailles lead to?
31. What economic issue plagued France during the Directory?
32. What was the purpose of the Decree of 19 March 1793?
33. What was the purpose of the Congress of Vienna in 1815?
34. Cause → Effect: Increased Enlightenment ideas → __________.
35. What significant event marked the downfall of the Directory?
36. How did the Reign of Terror affect public sentiment in France?
37. What major event led to Napoleon's first exile?
38. True or False: The Legislative Assembly was established to replace the National Assembly.
39. True or False: The Directory was generally well-received by the French populace.
40. What was the role of revolutionary tribunals during the Reign of Terror?
41. Which statement best describes Napoleon's military strategy?
42. What was one significant result of the Flight to Varennes?
43. What role did Napoleon Bonaparte play during the Directory?
44. Which of the following best describes Robespierre's political stance?
45. How did the Russian campaign of 1812 contribute to the decline of Napoleon's empire?
46. Which group was primarily involved in radical actions during the revolution, such as the September Massacres?
47. How did the military influence the Directory?
48. What was one consequence of the Decree on the Maximum?
49. Fill in the blank: The scorched earth tactic used by Russians aimed to destroy _____.
50. What was the main purpose of the Civil Constitution of the Clergy?
51. What document laid out the framework for the Directory's government?
52. Which group primarily opposed the radical measures of the Jacobins?
53. Which of the following was a major consequence of Napoleon's reforms?
54. Which of the following best describes the National Assembly's relationship with the monarchy?
55. What was the political stance of the Directory?
56. What was the effect of foreign invasions on the Reign of Terror?
57. True or False: Napoleon's legacy was limited to France and did not influence other nations.
58. True or False: The Estates-General represented all social classes equally.
59. What were notable uprisings against the Directory?
60. What was one key reason for the establishment of the Revolutionary Tribunal during the Reign of Terror?
61. What was the primary goal of the Continental System established by Napoleon?
62. Which of the following events directly led to the formation of the National Assembly?
63. Cause → Effect: Growing discontent with the Directory led to _____
64. Which of the following statements best describes the Girondins in relation to the Jacobins during the Reign of Terror?
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