Hardy-Weinberg idea notes

What is the Hardy-Weinberg principle?

A mathematical model that predicts allele frequencies in a population will remain constant from generation to generation in the absence of evolutionary influences.

Assumptions of Hardy-Weinberg

1. No mutations 2. No gene flow 3. Random mating 4. Large population size 5. No natural selection

True or false: Mutations affect Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium.

True, because mutations introduce new alleles and can change allele frequencies.

What does p represent?

The frequency of the dominant allele in a population.

What does q represent?

The frequency of the recessive allele in a population.

Fill the blank: p + q = ____.

1, representing the total frequency of all alleles in a population.

Difference between allele frequency and genotype frequency?

Allele frequency refers to how common an allele is in a population, whereas genotype frequency refers to how common particular combinations of alleles are.

What is genetic drift?

A mechanism of evolution that causes allele frequencies to change due to random sampling in small populations.

True or false: Natural selection is assumed in Hardy-Weinberg.

False, because natural selection alters allele frequencies, violating the principle.

How does gene flow affect Hardy-Weinberg?

Gene flow introduces new alleles into a population, changing allele frequencies.

What is the equation for genotype frequencies?

For two alleles A and a: $\displaystyle p^2 + 2pq + q^2 = 1$, where $\displaystyle p^2$ is homozygous dominant, $\displaystyle 2pq$ is heterozygous, and $\displaystyle q^2$ is homozygous recessive.

Application of Hardy-Weinberg?

Used to predict genetic variation and to assess whether a population is evolving over time.

Which factor disrupts Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium?

Natural selection, because it favors certain alleles over others, changing allele frequencies.

What is random mating?

When individuals pair by chance, not based on their genotypes or phenotypes.

Fill the blank: In a population with 70% dominant allele A, p = ___.

0.7