AP Bio macromolecule monomers and linkages key terms
This study set covers key terms related to macromolecule monomers and linkages in AP Biology, focusing on definitions, examples, and relationships crucial for understanding cell biology.
Quiz(56 questions)
1. Which of the following is a monomer of carbohydrates?
Terms in this Study Set(56)
Monomers of Macromolecules(16)
Monomer of carbohydrates?
Monosaccharides, such as glucose and fructose.
True or False: Amino acids are monomers of proteins.
True. Amino acids link to form polypeptides.
Fill in the blank: Nucleotides are the monomers of __________.
Nucleic acids, including DNA and RNA.
What are the three parts of a nucleotide?
A sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base.
Monomer of lipids?
Fatty acids and glycerol.
Comparison: Monosaccharides vs. Disaccharides
Monosaccharides: single units; Disaccharides: two units linked.
What is a common example of a disaccharide?
Sucrose, which is glucose + fructose.
Cause → Effect: Linking amino acids results in?
Formation of polypeptides, which fold into proteins.
True or False: All lipids are made from the same monomer.
False. They can be composed of different combinations of fatty acids.
What type of bond links nucleotides?
Phosphodiester bonds connect the phosphate group of one nucleotide to the sugar of another.
Fill in the blank: The monomer of starch is __________.
Glucose (monosaccharide units).
What are essential amino acids?
Amino acids that must be obtained through diet.
Monomer of proteins?
Amino acids, which have an amino group and a carboxyl group.
True or False: Fatty acids are only saturated.
False. They can be saturated or unsaturated.
What are lipids primarily used for in the body?
Energy storage, insulation, and cell membrane structure.
Comparison: DNA vs. RNA nucleotides
DNA: deoxyribose, RNA: ribose.
Linkages and Bonds(20)
What type of bond connects amino acids?
Peptide bonds connect amino acids. They form through a dehydration reaction between the amino group of one amino acid and the carboxyl group of another.
True or False: Glycosidic bonds are found in proteins.
False. Glycosidic bonds connect monosaccharides in carbohydrates, not proteins.
Fill in the blank: Nucleotides are linked by ____ bonds.
Phosphodiester bonds link nucleotides in nucleic acids (DNA and RNA).
What type of linkage occurs in polysaccharides?
Glycosidic linkages occur in polysaccharides, formed between monosaccharide units.
Compare peptide bonds and glycosidic bonds.
Both are covalent bonds. Peptide bonds link amino acids; glycosidic bonds link sugars.
Cause → Effect: Dehydration synthesis causes _____.
Dehydration synthesis causes the formation of covalent linkages between monomers, such as peptide and glycosidic bonds.
What is a phosphodiester bond?
A phosphodiester bond links nucleotides in nucleic acids. It forms between the phosphate group of one nucleotide and the hydroxyl group of another.
True or False: Hydrogen bonds are covalent linkages.
False. Hydrogen bonds are weaker than covalent linkages and occur between polar molecules.
What are the two types of linkages in carbohydrates?
Glycosidic linkages (between monosaccharides) and ester linkages (in some complex carbohydrates).
Identify the bond: Oligopeptide formation.
Peptide bonds are formed during oligopeptide formation from amino acids.
What connects fatty acids to glycerol?
Ester bonds connect fatty acids to glycerol in lipid molecules.
Fill in the blank: The bond forming between nucleotides is called a _____.
Phosphodiester bond.
Comparison: Covalent vs. Ionic Bonds.
Covalent bonds involve sharing electrons (e.g., peptide bonds). Ionic bonds involve electron transfer (not common in macromolecules).
What types of linkages are in triglycerides?
Ester linkages connect three fatty acids to a glycerol backbone in triglycerides.
Cause → Effect: Hydrolysis of a polymer leads to _____.
The hydrolysis of a polymer leads to the breaking of covalent bonds, resulting in monomers.
What bond is formed between glucose molecules?
Glycosidic bonds are formed between glucose molecules in disaccharides and polysaccharides.
True or False: Lipids are primarily linked by peptide bonds.
False. Lipids are primarily linked by ester bonds, not peptide bonds.
What is the role of hydrogen bonds in proteins?
Hydrogen bonds stabilize protein structures, especially in secondary structures like alpha-helices and beta-sheets.
Identify the bond type: Linking monosaccharides.
Glycosidic bond links monosaccharides to form disaccharides or polysaccharides.
Fill in the blank: Phosphodiester bonds connect ____ in nucleic acids.
nucleotides - They form the sugar-phosphate backbone, crucial for the structure of DNA and RNA.
Functional Groups and Their Roles(12)
What functional group is -OH?
Hydroxyl group; polar, forms hydrogen bonds, increases solubility in water.
True or False: Amino groups are non-polar.
False. Amino groups (-NH2) are polar, act as bases, and can form hydrogen bonds.
Fill in the blank: The __________ group (-COOH) is acidic.
Carboxyl; donates H+ in solution, crucial in amino acids.
Compare aldehydes and ketones.
Both contain carbonyl group (C=O); aldehydes at end of carbon chain, ketones in middle.
What role do phosphate groups play?
Energy transfer; found in ATP and nucleic acids, negatively charged.
What is the structure of a sulfhydryl group?
Consists of -SH; forms disulfide bonds in proteins, stabilizing their structure.
Which functional group is involved in protein folding?
Sulfhydryl group; forms covalent bonds between cysteine residues.
What is the significance of methyl groups?
Non-polar, affect gene expression, hydrophobic; important in DNA methylation.
Cause → Effect: Presence of a hydroxyl group.
Increases solubility; molecules interact well with water.
What does the carboxyl group contain?
A carbonyl and a hydroxyl group; gives acidic properties, crucial in amino acids.
True or False: Phosphate groups are only found in lipids.
False. Found in nucleic acids and ATP; important for energy transfer.
What is a major role of functional groups?
Determine molecule's properties; affect reactivity and interactions with other molecules.
Examples and Applications(8)
What is a common carbohydrate found in fruits?
Fructose is a simple sugar commonly found in fruits, serving as a primary energy source.
True or False: Proteins are not involved in muscle contraction.
False. Proteins like actin and myosin are essential for muscle contraction.
Fill in the blank: The macromolecule that stores genetic information is __________.
DNA.
Compare starch and glycogen.
Both are polysaccharides. Starch is used for energy storage in plants; glycogen is the energy storage form in animals.
What role do lipids play in cell membranes?
Lipids, particularly phospholipids, form the bilayer structure of cell membranes, providing barriers and fluidity.
Cause → Effect: Lack of proteins in diet results in __________.
Muscle wasting and weakened immune response.
Which macromolecule provides insulation and long-term energy storage?
Lipids are used for insulation and energy storage, primarily in the form of fats.
What is a key function of nucleic acids?
Nucleic acids, like RNA, are crucial for protein synthesis and carrying genetic information.
Questions in this Study Set(56)
1. Which of the following is a monomer of carbohydrates?
2. Which functional group is characterized by the formula -NH2?
3. What type of bond is formed between fatty acids and glycerol in lipids?
4. Which of the following is a disaccharide commonly found in sugar cane?
5. True or False: Nucleotides are the building blocks of proteins.
6. What effect does a methyl group have on DNA?
7. Which type of bond connects the nucleotides in nucleic acids?
8. Which of the following statements about enzymes is FALSE?
9. Fill in the blank: The monomer of proteins is __________.
10. Which functional group is associated with energy transfer in cells?
11. True or False: Glycosidic bonds are responsible for linking amino acids.
12. Which of the following correctly describes the primary structure of proteins?
13. What type of bond connects amino acids in a protein?
14. True or False: Carboxyl groups are basic and accept protons.
15. What type of linkage is primarily found in polysaccharides?
16. Fill in the blank: The monomer of nucleic acids is __________.
17. Which of the following is a common example of a lipid?
18. Which statement is true about aldehydes?
19. Fill in the blank: Hydrolysis results in the breaking of _____.
20. What type of bond links amino acids together in a protein?
21. What are the three components of a nucleotide?
22. Which functional group is involved in the formation of disulfide bonds?
23. Identify the bond type involved in the formation of oligopeptides.
24. Which macromolecule is primarily responsible for energy storage in plants?
25. Which of the following is NOT a monomer of carbohydrates?
26. What is a key characteristic of hydroxyl groups?
27. Which bond is NOT typically found in macromolecules?
28. Which of the following is NOT a function of lipids?
29. True or False: Fatty acids can be both saturated and unsaturated.
30. Which functional group is NOT commonly found in amino acids?
31. What connects glucose molecules in a disaccharide?
32. Comparing DNA and RNA, which statement is TRUE?
33. Fill in the blank: The monomer of nucleic acids is __________.
34. What role does the carbonyl group play in ketones?
35. True or False: Ester bonds are responsible for linking sugars in carbohydrates.
36. What type of bond links nucleotides together in a nucleic acid?
37. Fill in the blank: The __________ group is responsible for forming acidic solutions in biological contexts.
38. What is the primary bond type stabilizing secondary structures in proteins?
39. Which of the following is a characteristic of polysaccharides?
40. What is a characteristic property of phosphate groups?
41. Fill in the blank: The bond type between the phosphate group and sugar in nucleotides is called a _____.
42. Which of the following statements is true about essential amino acids?
43. Which of the following statements about functional groups is true?
44. Cause → Effect: Dehydration synthesis leads to _____.
45. Comparison: What distinguishes ribose from deoxyribose?
46. Which linkage occurs in triglycerides?
47. Which is NOT a function of lipids in the body?
48. What type of bond is primarily involved in linking amino acids together?
49. What is the primary monomer of starch?
50. True or False: Hydrogen bonds are strong covalent linkages.
51. Which of the following is a monomer of proteins?
52. Which of the following bonds does NOT link monomers in a polymer?
53. Identify the bond type: Linking monosaccharides in a polysaccharide.
54. What is the effect of hydrolysis on a polymer?
55. What type of bond is formed between the hydroxyl groups of two monosaccharides during carbohydrate formation?
56. Which of the following statements is NOT true about peptide bonds?
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