AP Bio immune response B and T cells practice questions
This study set includes practice questions on the immune response, focusing specifically on B and T cells. Perfect for AP Biology exam preparation to reinforce understanding of adaptive immunity.
Quiz(44 questions)
1. What is the primary function of B cells in the immune response?
Terms in this Study Set(44)
B Cells and Antibody Production(16)
What are the primary functions of B cells?
1. Produce antibodies 2. Memory cell formation 3. Antigen presentation
True or False: B cells can directly kill infected cells.
False. B cells primarily produce antibodies; T cells kill infected cells.
Fill in the blank: Antibodies are also known as __________.
Immunoglobulins.
Describe the structure of an antibody.
Antibodies are Y-shaped molecules consisting of: - Two heavy chains - Two light chains - Variable region for antigen binding
What triggers B cell activation?
Binding of an antigen to its specific B cell receptor (BCR) and help from T helper cells.
Compare the roles of plasma cells and memory B cells.
Plasma cells: Produce large amounts of antibodies. Memory B cells: Provide long-term immunity.
What is affinity maturation?
The process by which B cells produce antibodies with increased affinity for an antigen through somatic hypermutation.
List the five classes of antibodies.
- IgG - IgA - IgM - IgD - IgE
What is the role of helper T cells in B cell activation?
They provide necessary signals through cytokines and direct contact to fully activate B cells.
True or False: A single B cell can produce different types of antibodies.
False. Each B cell is specific to one antigen and produces one type of antibody.
What is the function of memory B cells?
To respond rapidly upon re-exposure to the same antigen, leading to a quicker immune response.
Cause → Effect: Increased antigen exposure leads to __________.
Increased antibody production and memory cell formation.
Define class switching in B cells.
The process by which B cells change the class of antibody they produce without altering the specificity for the antigen.
What are monoclonal antibodies?
Antibodies produced by identical immune cells that are clones of a unique parent cell, specific to a single antigen.
List the steps of the humoral immune response.
1. Antigen recognition 2. B cell activation 3. Clonal expansion 4. Differentiation into plasma and memory cells
When do B cells undergo clonal selection?
After encountering their specific antigen, leading to proliferation and differentiation.
T Cells and Cellular Immunity(16)
What are the main types of T cells?
1. Helper T cells (CD4+) 2. Cytotoxic T cells (CD8+) 3. Regulatory T cells 4. Memory T cells
Cytotoxic T cells primarily target which type of cells?
Infected cells, cancer cells, and foreign cells.
True or False: T cells can directly phagocytize pathogens.
False. T cells do not phagocytize; they kill infected cells or help activate other immune cells.
Helper T cells are crucial for which immune response?
They activate B cells and cytotoxic T cells, enhancing both humoral and cellular immunity.
Fill in the blank: T cell activation requires __________.
the recognition of an antigen presented by an MHC molecule.
Compare CD4+ and CD8+ T cells.
CD4+ T cells are helper cells, while CD8+ T cells are cytotoxic and kill infected cells.
Which molecules present antigens to T cells?
Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) molecules.
Helper T cell activation leads to what effect?
Increased antibody production by B cells and enhanced cytotoxic activity of CD8+ T cells.
What role do regulatory T cells play?
They maintain immune tolerance and prevent autoimmune responses.
How do T cells recognize antigens?
By the T cell receptor (TCR) specifically binding to peptide-MHC complexes.
True or False: Memory T cells survive long-term.
True. Memory T cells remain after an infection for faster response to future encounters.
What cytokines do Helper T cells secrete?
They secrete IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, among others, to coordinate immune responses.
Cytotoxic T cells use __________ to induce apoptosis in target cells.
Perforin and granzymes.
Describe the process of T cell activation.
1. Antigen presentation via MHC 2. TCR binding 3. Co-stimulation from APCs 4. Clonal expansion
What is the primary function of memory T cells?
To provide a rapid and robust immune response upon re-exposure to the same antigen.
Fill in the blank: T cells mature in the __________.
thymus - T cells undergo selection and differentiation here, crucial for developing immune competence.
Immune Response Mechanisms(12)
What is the role of antigen presentation?
Antigen presentation is crucial for T cell activation, allowing T cells to recognize and respond to specific antigens.
True or False: B cells can directly kill infected cells.
False. B cells primarily produce antibodies; cytotoxic T cells are responsible for killing infected cells.
Fill in the blank: T cells are activated by ____ presented on _____ molecules.
T cells are activated by antigens presented on MHC (Major Histocompatibility Complex) molecules.
Compare helper T cells and cytotoxic T cells.
Helper T cells activate B cells and other immune cells; cytotoxic T cells kill infected or cancerous cells.
What triggers clonal selection in B cells?
Clonal selection is triggered when a B cell binds to its specific antigen, leading to proliferation and differentiation.
Cause → Effect: Antigen binding to a B cell receptor leads to _____.
Antigen binding to a B cell receptor leads to activation and differentiation into plasma cells, producing antibodies.
What is the role of dendritic cells in immunity?
Dendritic cells capture antigens and present them to T cells, initiating adaptive immune responses.
True or False: Memory T cells are formed after the first exposure to an antigen.
True. Memory T cells provide long-term immunity by responding more rapidly upon re-exposure to the same antigen.
Define the term 'CD4+ T cells.'
CD4+ T cells, or helper T cells, assist in coordinating the immune response by activating B cells and other immune cells.
What role does the thymus play in T cell development?
The thymus is where T cells mature and undergo selection processes to ensure self-tolerance and functionality.
Fill in the blank: T cell activation requires ____ and ____ signals.
T cell activation requires both antigen recognition (specific) and co-stimulatory signals (non-specific).
List the two main types of antigen-presenting cells (APCs).
1. Dendritic cells 2. Macrophages
Questions in this Study Set(44)
1. What is the primary function of B cells in the immune response?
2. What is the primary function of antibodies?
3. What type of T cell is primarily responsible for killing virus-infected cells?
4. True or False: B cells can present antigens to T cells.
5. Which type of T cell is responsible for directly killing infected or cancerous cells?
6. Which type of T cell assists in activating B cells and enhancing the immune response?
7. Antibodies are also known as __________.
8. Which of the following correctly describes the role of MHC molecules?
9. True or False: T cells can directly engulf and digest pathogens like phagocytes do.
10. Which of the following best describes the structure of an antibody?
11. What is the role of regulatory T cells in the immune system?
12. What is required for T cell activation?
13. What triggers B cell activation?
14. Fill in the blank: B cells differentiate into ____ after activation.
15. CD4+ T cells primarily function as what?
16. What is the main difference between plasma cells and memory B cells?
17. Which statement is NOT true about memory B cells?
18. Which cells do regulatory T cells primarily prevent from becoming overactive?
19. What is affinity maturation in the context of B cells?
20. What triggers the activation of T cells?
21. Fill in the blank: T cell receptors (TCR) recognize __________ presented by MHC molecules.
22. Which of the following is NOT a class of antibodies?
23. What is the role of cytokines in the immune response?
24. Which cytokine is crucial for the clonal expansion of T cells after activation?
25. What role do helper T cells play in B cell activation?
26. Which of the following is a characteristic of helper T cells?
27. What mechanism do cytotoxic T cells use to induce apoptosis in infected cells?
28. True or False: A single B cell can produce multiple types of antibodies.
29. What is clonal selection in the context of B cells?
30. How do memory T cells contribute to the immune response?
31. What is the primary function of memory B cells?
32. Which of the following is NOT an antigen-presenting cell (APC)?
33. Which of the following is NOT a primary function of helper T cells?
34. Cause → Effect: Increased exposure to an antigen leads to __________.
35. What is the function of dendritic cells in the immune response?
36. In which organ do T cells mature?
37. Define class switching in B cells.
38. What is the primary role of perforin in the immune response?
39. What are monoclonal antibodies?
40. True or False: Memory T cells are short-lived and do not persist after an infection has cleared.
41. List the steps of the humoral immune response in order.
42. Which type of MHC molecule presents antigens to CD8+ cytotoxic T cells?
43. When do B cells undergo clonal selection?
44. Fill in the blank: T cells require co-stimulation from __________ for full activation.
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