AP Bio genetic drift founder and bottleneck key terms
This study set covers key terms and concepts related to genetic drift, including founder effects and bottlenecks as they pertain to evolution and population genetics, ideal for AP Biology exam preparation.
Quiz(32 questions)
1. What is the primary characteristic of genetic drift?
Terms in this Study Set(32)
Genetic Drift Basics(16)
What is genetic drift?
Random changes in allele frequencies in a population over time.
True or false: Genetic drift is a predictable process.
False. It is random and unpredictable in how it affects allele frequencies.
How does genetic drift affect small populations?
It can lead to significant changes in allele frequencies and increased extinction risk.
Example of genetic drift.
A storm wipes out a majority of a small population, altering allele frequencies.
Cause of genetic drift → Effect?
Random sampling error → Changes in allele frequencies.
What are some mechanisms of genetic drift?
- Founder effect - Bottleneck effect
Fill in the blank: Genetic drift typically has a stronger effect in __________ populations.
small
Founder effect vs. bottleneck effect?
Founder effect: new population from few individuals. Bottleneck effect: population size drastically reduced.
What happens to genetic variation during genetic drift?
It can decrease due to the loss of alleles over generations.
True or false: Genetic drift can lead to adaptation.
False. It does not promote adaptation but can fix non-adaptive traits.
What is allele fixation?
When an allele reaches a frequency of 100% in a population.
Describe a scenario of genetic drift.
A small group of animals colonizes a new island, leading to different allele frequencies.
In which type of selection is genetic drift more prominent?
In neutral selection, where selection pressure is absent.
How does genetic drift influence evolution?
By causing random changes in genetic variation, affecting natural selection.
Impact of genetic drift on large populations?
Minimal impact; allele frequencies remain stable over time.
What role does chance play in genetic drift?
Chance events can significantly alter allele frequencies randomly.
Founder Effect and Bottleneck Effect(16)
What is the founder effect?
The founder effect occurs when a small group establishes a new population, carrying only a fraction of the original population's genetic diversity.
True or False: The founder effect reduces genetic variation.
True. Small founding populations often lack the genetic variation found in larger populations.
Example of the founder effect?
The Amish community shows the founder effect with higher frequencies of certain genetic disorders due to small initial population size.
What is a bottleneck effect?
The bottleneck effect occurs when a population's size is significantly reduced for at least one generation, leading to a loss of genetic diversity.
Fill in the blank: The bottleneck effect can be caused by __________.
natural disasters, habitat loss, or overhunting.
Founder effect vs. bottleneck effect: main difference?
Founder effect starts with a few individuals; bottleneck effect results from a drastic reduction in population size.
Cause → Effect: What causes the bottleneck effect?
Causes include environmental events (e.g., earthquakes) that dramatically reduce population size, leading to decreased genetic diversity.
Why is genetic diversity important?
Genetic diversity enhances resilience to diseases, adaptability to changing environments, and overall population survival.
True or False: The founder effect can lead to the evolution of new species.
True. Founder effects can lead to speciation as isolated populations adapt to their new environments.
How does the founder effect influence allele frequencies?
Allele frequencies may differ significantly from the original population due to the limited gene pool.
Example of the bottleneck effect?
The northern elephant seal nearly went extinct, reducing genetic variation, which is now evident in their population.
What is a key consequence of the founder effect?
Increased prevalence of certain traits or diseases in the descendant population.
Fill in the blank: In a bottleneck, __________ individuals survive to reproduce.
only a few.
True or False: Both effects can lead to increased genetic variation.
False. Both effects generally reduce genetic variation.
What happens to allele frequencies during a bottleneck effect?
Allele frequencies may shift dramatically, leading to genetic drift and potential loss of beneficial alleles.
Founder effect: example in plants?
A few seeds blown by wind to a new island can lead to a distinct plant population.
Questions in this Study Set(32)
1. What is the primary characteristic of genetic drift?
2. What is the primary consequence of the founder effect?
3. Which of the following scenarios best illustrates the founder effect?
4. Which of the following scenarios best illustrates the bottleneck effect?
5. What is the bottleneck effect?
6. What term describes the loss of genetic diversity due to a small founding population?
7. How does genetic drift typically affect small populations compared to large populations?
8. Which of the following is NOT a cause of the bottleneck effect?
9. Which of the following statements about genetic drift is false?
10. True or False: The bottleneck effect can result in the loss of beneficial alleles.
11. Fill in the blank: Genetic drift can lead to __________ in a population.
12. Which statement best compares the founder effect and the bottleneck effect?
13. Which of the following is an example of genetic drift?
14. How does the founder effect influence speciation?
15. What happens to allele frequencies during genetic drift over time?
16. In what scenario might you observe the founder effect in humans?
17. In which scenario would you expect genetic drift to have the greatest impact?
18. Fill in the blank: The founder effect can lead to an increase in the prevalence of specific __________ in a population.
19. Which type of selection is least affected by genetic drift?
20. True or False: Genetic drift is only associated with the founder effect.
21. Which of the following is NOT a mechanism of genetic drift?
22. Which of the following is an example of the founder effect?
23. What is allele fixation?
24. What is a direct impact of a bottleneck effect on a population's genetic structure?
25. True or false: Genetic drift promotes adaptation to the environment.
26. In a population exhibiting the bottleneck effect, what happens to the number of alleles over time?
27. How does chance influence genetic drift?
28. True or False: The founder effect can lead to adaptations that are beneficial in a new environment.
29. What is a potential consequence of the bottleneck effect?
30. Fill in the blank: The bottleneck effect is often caused by __________ disasters.
31. Which of the following best describes the impact of genetic drift on allele frequencies in a population?
32. Which of the following best describes a scenario that exemplifies the founder effect?
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