AP Bio endosymbiotic theory evidence study guide
Study the key evidence supporting the endosymbiotic theory, including characteristics of mitochondria and chloroplasts, as well as the implications for the evolution of eukaryotic cells.
Quiz(28 questions)
1. What is the primary role of mitochondria in a cell?
Terms in this Study Set(28)
Mitochondrial Evidence(16)
What is the primary function of mitochondria?
ATP production through cellular respiration.
Mitochondria have their own...
DNA, which is circular and similar to bacterial DNA.
True or False: Mitochondria can replicate independently.
True. They replicate through a process similar to binary fission.
Compare mitochondrial ribosomes to eukaryotic ribosomes.
Mitochondrial ribosomes are smaller (70S vs 80S) and resemble bacterial ribosomes.
Fill in the blank: Mitochondria produce _____ during the Krebs cycle.
NADH and FADH2.
What role do mitochondria play in apoptosis?
They release cytochrome c, which activates the apoptosome.
Name a key similarity between mitochondria and prokaryotes.
Both have double membranes and the ability to generate ATP.
Which process occurs in the inner mitochondrial membrane?
Electron transport chain and ATP synthesis.
Cause → Effect: Mitochondrial dysfunction leads to...
Reduced ATP production and increased oxidative stress.
What is the endosymbiotic theory?
It suggests that mitochondria originated from engulfed prokaryotic cells.
Mitochondrial biogenesis is influenced by...
Cellular energy demands and exercise.
True or False: Mitochondrial membranes are identical to eukaryotic cell membranes.
False. Mitochondrial membranes contain unique lipids and proteins.
What is the role of cristae in mitochondria?
Increase surface area for ATP production.
Fill in the blank: Mitochondria are involved in _____ metabolism.
Fatty acid and amino acid.
What is the significance of mitochondrial inheritance?
Mitochondrial DNA is maternally inherited, useful in genetic studies.
Mitochondria's role in heat production is crucial for...
Thermogenesis in brown adipose tissue.
Chloroplast Evidence(12)
Chloroplasts are similar to which organelles?
Mitochondria. Both have double membranes and contain their own DNA.
True or False: Chloroplasts contain ribosomes.
True. Chloroplasts have 70S ribosomes, similar to prokaryotes.
Fill in the blank: Chloroplasts are responsible for _____ in plants.
photosynthesis. They convert light energy into chemical energy.
What is the significance of chloroplast DNA?
Chloroplast DNA is circular and similar to bacterial genomes, supporting endosymbiotic theory.
Chloroplasts divide by which process?
Binary fission, similar to prokaryotic cell division.
List two pigments found in chloroplasts.
- Chlorophyll a - Chlorophyll b
What are thylakoids?
Membrane-bound structures in chloroplasts where light-dependent reactions occur.
Cause → Effect: Chloroplast structure affects function.
The thylakoid membranes increase surface area for light absorption.
Describe the endosymbiotic origin of chloroplasts.
Chloroplasts likely originated from cyanobacteria engulfed by ancestral eukaryotic cells.
How do chloroplasts contribute to plant cellular respiration?
They produce glucose during photosynthesis, which is later used in cellular respiration.
Chloroplasts and mitochondria both contain what?
Their own circular DNA, supporting the endosymbiotic theory.
What is the role of the stroma in chloroplasts?
The stroma is the fluid-filled space where the Calvin cycle occurs.
Questions in this Study Set(28)
1. What is the primary role of mitochondria in a cell?
2. Which organelle is most similar to chloroplasts in terms of structure and function?
3. Which structure in mitochondria is responsible for increasing the surface area for ATP production?
4. True or False: Chloroplasts have a similar structure to prokaryotes.
5. Mitochondria contain their own DNA. What type of DNA do they possess?
6. Fill in the blank: The main pigment responsible for capturing light energy in chloroplasts is _____ .
7. Which process occurs primarily in the inner mitochondrial membrane?
8. What feature of chloroplast DNA supports the endosymbiotic theory?
9. True or False: Mitochondria can replicate independently of the cell cycle.
10. Chloroplasts replicate by which process?
11. What is the significance of cytochrome c released from mitochondria?
12. Which of the following is NOT a function of chloroplasts?
13. Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of mitochondria?
14. What is the role of thylakoids in chloroplasts?
15. What type of inheritance pattern does mitochondrial DNA follow?
16. How do chloroplasts affect plant growth?
17. In which metabolic processes are mitochondria involved?
18. Which of the following pigments is found in chloroplasts?
19. What is one effect of mitochondrial dysfunction?
20. What is the fluid-filled space called where the Calvin cycle occurs?
21. How do mitochondrial ribosomes compare to those in eukaryotic cells?
22. Which of the following statements about chloroplasts is true?
23. What is the primary function of the Krebs cycle within mitochondria?
24. What happens to the surface area of chloroplasts during photosynthesis?
25. In which type of tissue is mitochondrial thermogenesis particularly important?
26. What is the primary consequence of mitochondrial biogenesis?
27. Which of the following is a unique feature of mitochondrial membranes?
28. What do mitochondria primarily produce as a result of the electron transport chain?
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