AP Bio endomembrane system practice questions

What is the function of the rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER)?

The RER synthesizes proteins destined for secretion or for use in lysosomes. - Ribosomes on its surface - Modifies proteins - Assists in folding

True or False: The Golgi apparatus modifies, sorts, and packages proteins.

True. The Golgi apparatus is responsible for post-translational modifications and preparing proteins for transport.

What does the smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER) synthesize?

The SER synthesizes lipids, including phospholipids and steroids. - Detoxifies drugs - Stores calcium ions

Fill in the blank: The __________ is involved in the digestion of macromolecules.

Lysosome

Compare the functions of the RER and the SER.

RER: Protein synthesis. SER: Lipid synthesis, detoxification.

What is the primary role of lysosomes?

Lysosomes contain hydrolytic enzymes that break down waste materials and cellular debris.

True or False: The nuclear envelope is part of the endomembrane system.

True. The nuclear envelope is continuous with the endoplasmic reticulum.

What types of molecules are primarily processed in the Golgi apparatus?

Proteins and lipids. - Modifies - Packages - Distributes

Function of vesicles in the endomembrane system?

Vesicles transport materials between different compartments within the endomembrane system.

What is the role of the plasma membrane?

The plasma membrane regulates what enters and exits the cell and communicates with the environment.

True or False: Peroxisomes are part of the endomembrane system.

False. Peroxisomes are not considered part of the endomembrane system.

What is the role of the endosome?

Endosomes sort and transport materials brought into the cell via endocytosis.

Identify the main function of the vacuole.

Storage of substances. - Nutrients - Waste products - Water

Cause → Effect: Accumulation of misfolded proteins in the RER.

Causes cellular stress and may lead to apoptosis.

What are the two main types of endoplasmic reticulum?

Rough ER and Smooth ER.

Fill in the blank: The __________ is responsible for lipid synthesis and detoxification.

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

Describe the role of the rough ER.

The rough endoplasmic reticulum (rough ER) is involved in protein synthesis and processing. Ribosomes on its surface translate mRNA into polypeptide chains.

True or False: The smooth ER synthesizes proteins.

False. The smooth ER is primarily involved in lipid synthesis, detoxification, and calcium ion storage.

Function of Golgi apparatus?

The Golgi apparatus modifies, sorts, and packages proteins and lipids for secretion or delivery to other organelles.

Fill in the blank: Lysosomes contain _______.

Lysosomes contain hydrolytic enzymes that digest macromolecules and recycle cellular components.

How do vesicles facilitate cellular communication?

Vesicles transport proteins and lipids between organelles and to the cell membrane, enabling communication and material exchange.

Compare the functions of the rough ER and smooth ER.

Rough ER synthesizes proteins; Smooth ER synthesizes lipids and detoxifies certain chemicals.

What is the function of ribosomes in the endomembrane system?

Ribosomes are the sites of protein synthesis, translating mRNA into polypeptides that are processed in the rough ER.

True or False: Transport vesicles bud from the Golgi apparatus.

True. Transport vesicles bud from the Golgi apparatus to deliver proteins to their destination.

Function of secretory vesicles?

Secretory vesicles transport macromolecules to the plasma membrane for secretion outside the cell.

Which organelle is key for detoxification?

The smooth endoplasmic reticulum is key for detoxification of harmful metabolic byproducts and drugs.

Cause → Effect: Protein misfolding in the rough ER.

Cause: Protein misfolding → Effect: Activation of the unfolded protein response, leading to increased chaperone production.

Describe the function of peroxisomes.

Peroxisomes contain enzymes that break down fatty acids and amino acids, and detoxify harmful byproducts.

What happens when lysosomes malfunction?

Malfunctioning lysosomes can lead to accumulation of waste materials, potentially causing diseases like Tay-Sachs.

Fill in the blank: The structure that packages proteins is _______.

The structure that packages proteins is the Golgi apparatus.

How do endosomes interact with lysosomes?

Endosomes transport material to lysosomes for degradation, playing a crucial role in cellular recycling.

True or False: The smooth ER stores calcium ions.

True. The smooth ER serves as a storage site for calcium ions, important for muscle contraction.

Example of protein trafficking within the cell?

A protein synthesized in the rough ER is packaged into a vesicle, transported to the Golgi apparatus, modified, and sent to the plasma membrane.

What is the role of chaperone proteins?

Chaperone proteins assist in the proper folding of nascent polypeptides in the rough ER.

Function of endoplasmic reticulum in cellular metabolism?

The endoplasmic reticulum plays a key role in lipid metabolism, protein synthesis, and calcium storage.

How do the Golgi apparatus and ER interact?

- The Golgi receives proteins from the rough ER. - It modifies, sorts, and packages them. - Transport vesicles move proteins to their destination.