AP Bio apoptosis and programmed cell death cheat sheet
Essential concepts and terminology related to apoptosis and programmed cell death for AP Biology exam preparation.
Quiz(48 questions)
1. Which of the following best describes apoptosis?
Terms in this Study Set(48)
Apoptosis Mechanisms(16)
Apoptosis definition
Programmed cell death characterized by controlled cellular dismantling and removal.
Initiator caspases
Caspases 2, 8, 9, 10 - activate downstream effector caspases.
True or False: Apoptosis causes inflammation.
False - Apoptosis is non-inflammatory, unlike necrosis.
Key feature of apoptosis
Cell shrinkage, chromatin condensation, and DNA fragmentation.
Caspase activation pathway
Initiator caspases activate effector caspases (e.g., caspases 3, 6).
Difference between apoptosis and necrosis
Apoptosis: programmed, no inflammation. Necrosis: uncontrolled, causes inflammation.
Intrinsic pathway triggers
Mitochondrial stress, DNA damage - leads to cytochrome c release.
Extrinsic pathway trigger
Death ligands (e.g., Fas ligand) bind to death receptors.
Role of Bcl-2 family proteins
Regulate apoptosis by promoting (pro-apoptotic) or inhibiting (anti-apoptotic) cell death.
Fill in the blank: Cytochrome c is released from __________.
Mitochondria - initiates apoptosome formation.
Apoptosome formation components
Apaf-1, cytochrome c, initiator caspase-9.
Caspase-3 function
Key effector caspase; executes apoptosis by cleaving cellular substrates.
Pro-apoptotic factors
Bax, Bak - promote mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization.
Anti-apoptotic factors
Bcl-2, Bcl-xL - prevent cytochrome c release.
Apoptosis vs. Autophagy
Apoptosis: cell death. Autophagy: cell survival mechanism, degrading components.
DNA fragmentation during apoptosis
Caused by caspase activity; results in nucleosomal laddering.
Cellular Responses and Pathways(16)
Apoptosis pathway initiator proteins?
Caspases 8 and 9 activate apoptotic pathways, triggering cell death.
Cellular response to DNA damage?
Cell cycle arrest, repair mechanisms, or apoptosis if damage is irreparable.
True or False: Necrosis is regulated.
False: Necrosis is uncontrolled cell death, unlike apoptosis.
Fill in the blank: Apoptosis involves ___________ of cellular components.
fragmentation
Compare apoptosis and necrosis.
- Apoptosis: programmed, organized - Necrosis: unregulated, chaotic
What role do Bcl-2 proteins play?
Regulate apoptosis by inhibiting or promoting cell death.
Caspase activation sequence?
Caspase activation leads to a cascade that results in cell death.
Cause of mitochondrial pathway activation?
Release of cytochrome c from mitochondria triggers apoptosome formation.
What is the function of p53?
p53 induces cell cycle arrest or apoptosis in response to DNA damage.
True or False: Apoptosis can occur without inflammation.
True: Apoptosis is a clean process, avoiding inflammation.
Role of death receptors in apoptosis?
Bind ligands, initiating extrinsic apoptotic signaling pathways.
What is an apoptosome?
A complex formed by cytochrome c and Apaf-1 that activates caspase-9.
Effects of growth factor withdrawal?
Induces apoptosis via the intrinsic pathway through Bcl-2 family proteins.
Mechanism of phagocytosis in apoptosis?
Macrophages recognize and clear apoptotic cells without triggering inflammation.
What activates caspase 3?
Caspase 3 is activated by initiator caspases in both intrinsic and extrinsic pathways.
True or False: Apoptosis and autophagy are identical.
False: Apoptosis is cell death, while autophagy is cell survival mechanism.
Diseases and Implications(16)
Role of apoptosis in cancer
In cancer, apoptosis is often disrupted, leading to uncontrolled cell growth. Tumor cells evade apoptosis, promoting survival.
True or False: Apoptosis only occurs during development.
False. Apoptosis occurs throughout life in response to cellular damage and disease.
Fill in the blank: Excessive apoptosis can lead to _____ disorders.
Autoimmune disorders like lupus, due to loss of self-tolerance.
Compare apoptosis and necrosis.
Apoptosis: programmed, orderly, no inflammation. Necrosis: uncontrolled, leads to inflammation.
Cause → Effect: p53 mutation
Cause: p53 mutation → Effect: decreased apoptosis → increased tumor formation.
Question: What implications does apoptosis have for neurodegenerative diseases?
In neurodegenerative diseases, excessive apoptosis causes neuronal loss, impacting function.
List diseases associated with dysregulated apoptosis.
- Cancer - Autoimmune diseases - Neurodegenerative diseases - Cardiovascular diseases
What is the connection between apoptosis and HIV?
HIV induces apoptosis in immune cells, leading to immunodeficiency and increased susceptibility to infections.
True or False: Apoptosis can be beneficial in tissue remodeling.
True. Apoptosis helps eliminate excess cells and shapes tissues during development.
Disease: Alzheimer's
In Alzheimer's, increased apoptosis leads to loss of synapses and neurons, worsening cognitive decline.
Example of drug targeting apoptosis in cancer.
Example: BH3 mimetics promote apoptosis in cancer cells by inhibiting anti-apoptotic proteins.
What role do caspases play in disease?
Caspases are key in executing apoptosis. Dysregulation can lead to cancer or neurodegeneration.
Implication of apoptosis in aging.
Accelerated apoptosis contributes to age-related tissue degeneration and organ dysfunction.
Connection between apoptosis and cardiovascular diseases?
Excessive apoptosis in cardiac cells can lead to heart failure and reduced cardiac function.
Effect of growth factor withdrawal on apoptosis.
Withdrawal leads to activation of apoptotic pathways, resulting in cell death.
What is the role of apoptosis in tissue homeostasis?
Apoptosis maintains balance by removing damaged or unnecessary cells, preventing disease.
Questions in this Study Set(48)
1. Which of the following best describes apoptosis?
2. Which proteins are primarily responsible for initiating apoptosis via the extrinsic pathway?
3. Which of the following diseases is characterized by excessive apoptosis leading to tissue degeneration?
4. Which caspases are known as initiators in the apoptosis pathway?
5. What is the primary cellular response when DNA damage is detected?
6. What is the primary effect of a mutation in the p53 gene on cell apoptosis?
7. True or False: Apoptosis results in inflammation.
8. True or False: Apoptosis leads to inflammation in surrounding tissues.
9. In which scenario does apoptosis play a protective role?
10. What is a key morphological feature of apoptotic cells?
11. Fill in the blank: Apoptosis involves __________ of the cell's genetic material.
12. Which of the following statements about necrosis is TRUE?
13. Which of the following describes the role of effector caspases?
14. What is a key difference between apoptosis and necrosis?
15. How does HIV contribute to immunodeficiency?
16. What distinguishes apoptosis from necrosis?
17. What role do Bcl-2 proteins play in apoptosis?
18. What is a major consequence of dysregulated apoptosis in cancer?
19. What triggers the intrinsic pathway of apoptosis?
20. What is the sequence of events following the activation of initiator caspases?
21. True or False: Apoptosis is only relevant during embryonic development.
22. What is the role of death ligands in the extrinsic pathway?
23. What triggers the activation of the mitochondrial (intrinsic) apoptosis pathway?
24. Which of the following is NOT a disease associated with dysregulated apoptosis?
25. Which family of proteins is primarily involved in regulating apoptosis?
26. What is the primary function of p53 in cellular responses to stress?
27. Which of the following best describes the role of caspases?
28. Cytochrome c is released from which cellular organelle?
29. True or False: Apoptosis can occur without the presence of inflammatory responses.
30. What effect does withdrawal of growth factors have on cells?
31. What does the apoptosome consist of?
32. What is the role of death receptors in the apoptotic process?
33. What is the implication of apoptosis in cardiovascular diseases?
34. What is the primary function of caspase-3?
35. What is an apoptosome?
36. Which of the following is an example of a drug that targets apoptosis in cancer therapy?
37. Which proteins promote the permeabilization of the mitochondrial outer membrane?
38. What effect does withdrawal of growth factors have on cells?
39. In neurodegenerative diseases, how does apoptosis affect neuronal health?
40. Which proteins are known to inhibit the release of cytochrome c?
41. Which caspase is commonly referred to as the 'executioner' caspase?
42. What is the relationship between aging and apoptosis?
43. What is the primary distinction between apoptosis and autophagy?
44. True or False: Apoptosis and autophagy are the same process.
45. Which of the following diseases is most closely associated with reduced apoptosis and uncontrolled cell proliferation?
46. What causes DNA fragmentation during apoptosis?
47. Which of the following statements is true regarding the role of p53 in apoptosis?
48. Which of the following conditions is NOT typically linked with dysregulated apoptosis?
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