A&P 2 renal physiology and GFR exam review
Review key concepts in renal physiology and glomerular filtration rate (GFR) for A&P 2. This study set includes essential questions and answers to help students prepare for their exams.
Quiz(36 questions)
1. What does GFR measure in the kidneys?
Terms in this Study Set(36)
Renal Anatomy and Function(16)
What is the primary function of the kidneys?
The primary function of the kidneys is to filter blood, remove waste, regulate fluid balance, and maintain electrolyte levels.
True or False: The kidneys are responsible for producing hormones.
True. The kidneys produce hormones like erythropoietin and renin to regulate blood pressure and red blood cell production.
Name the major functional unit of the kidney.
The nephron is the major functional unit of the kidney responsible for filtering blood and forming urine.
Difference between the renal cortex and renal medulla?
- Renal cortex: outer layer, contains glomeruli and convoluted tubules. - Renal medulla: inner region, contains loops of Henle and collecting ducts.
Fill in the blank: The renal pelvis collects urine from the __________.
collecting ducts.
How many nephrons are typically found in each kidney?
Each kidney contains approximately 1 million nephrons.
What role do podocytes play in the kidneys?
Podocytes are specialized cells in the glomerulus that help form the filtration barrier, allowing selective filtration of blood.
True or False: The kidneys can regulate blood pH.
True. The kidneys help regulate blood pH by excreting hydrogen ions and reabsorbing bicarbonate.
What is the function of the renal artery?
The renal artery supplies oxygenated blood to the kidneys for filtration and processing.
Cause → Effect: What happens if renal blood flow decreases?
Decreased renal blood flow can lead to reduced glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and impaired kidney function.
What does the term 'glomerulus' refer to?
The glomerulus is a network of capillaries within the nephron where blood filtration begins.
Comparison: Afferent arterioles vs. Efferent arterioles?
- Afferent arterioles: Bring blood to the glomerulus. - Efferent arterioles: Carry blood away from the glomerulus.
What is the role of the loop of Henle?
The loop of Henle concentrates urine and helps maintain the osmotic gradient in the kidney.
Fill in the blank: The process of urine formation involves __________, reabsorption, and secretion.
filtration.
True or False: The kidneys regulate electrolyte balance exclusively through filtration.
False. Electrolyte balance is regulated through filtration, reabsorption, and secretion processes.
What is the function of renal veins?
Renal veins drain deoxygenated blood from the kidneys and return it to the systemic circulation.
Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR)(20)
What does GFR stand for?
GFR stands for Glomerular Filtration Rate, measuring kidney function.
How is GFR calculated?
Using the formula: GFR = (U × V) / P, where U = urine concentration, V = urine flow rate, P = plasma concentration.
True or False: A low GFR indicates healthy kidney function.
False. A low GFR suggests impaired kidney function, potentially indicating kidney disease.
What is a normal GFR range?
Normal GFR is typically around 90 to 120 mL/min in healthy adults.
Fill in the blank: GFR is primarily regulated by _____.
blood flow to the glomeruli.
What factors influence GFR?
- Blood pressure - Blood volume - Afferent and efferent arteriolar resistance
Cause → Effect: Increased blood pressure leads to _____.
Increased GFR due to enhanced glomerular filtration.
What is the significance of GFR in clinical settings?
GFR helps assess kidney function, diagnose kidney disease, and monitor treatment efficacy.
Compare creatinine clearance vs. GFR.
Creatinine clearance estimates GFR using creatinine levels in urine and blood; GFR is a direct measure.
What role do hormones play in regulating GFR?
Hormones like renin, angiotensin II, and aldosterone affect blood pressure and volume, thereby influencing GFR.
What happens to GFR with age?
GFR typically declines with age, which can affect kidney function.
True or False: GFR can be measured directly.
True. It can be measured using inulin clearance or other substances.
What is the relationship between GFR and urine output?
Higher GFR generally leads to increased urine output, assuming other factors remain constant.
Fill in the blank: An increase in efferent arteriolar resistance will _____ GFR.
increase GFR.
What is the effect of dehydration on GFR?
Dehydration can decrease GFR due to reduced blood volume and pressure.
Describe how NSAIDs impact GFR.
NSAIDs can decrease GFR by inhibiting prostaglandins, leading to vasoconstriction of afferent arterioles.
What does a GFR of less than 60 mL/min indicate?
It may indicate chronic kidney disease (CKD) or kidney dysfunction.
Cause → Effect: Decreased renal perfusion pressure results in _____.
Decreased GFR due to reduced blood flow.
What is the clinical use of estimating GFR?
To stage kidney disease and guide treatment decisions.
What condition can increase GFR temporarily?
Pregnancy increases GFR due to increased blood volume and metabolic demands.
Questions in this Study Set(36)
1. What does GFR measure in the kidneys?
2. What is the primary role of the nephron in the kidney?
3. Which formula is used to calculate GFR?
4. Which structure is responsible for regulating blood flow into the glomerulus?
5. True or False: A GFR of 80 mL/min is considered normal.
6. Which of the following statements is True regarding the renal medulla?
7. What is a common range for normal GFR in adults?
8. What effect does dehydration have on glomerular filtration rate (GFR)?
9. Fill in the blank: GFR is primarily regulated by _____.
10. Which part of the nephron is primarily involved in reabsorption?
11. Which factor does NOT influence GFR?
12. Fill in the blank: The renal pelvis collects urine from the __________.
13. Cause → Effect: Increased blood volume leads to _____.
14. What is the primary function of renal tubules?
15. What is one significant clinical use of measuring GFR?
16. True or False: The kidneys play a vital role in regulating blood pressure.
17. How does creatinine clearance relate to GFR?
18. What is the role of the collecting duct in the nephron?
19. What role does angiotensin II play in GFR regulation?
20. Which of the following is NOT a function of the kidneys?
21. True or False: GFR typically increases with age.
22. Which hormone is produced by the kidneys to stimulate red blood cell production?
23. What happens to GFR during dehydration?
24. Fill in the blank: The process of urine formation includes filtration, __________, and secretion.
25. Fill in the blank: An increase in afferent arteriolar resistance will _____ GFR.
26. What do we call the capillary network where blood filtration begins?
27. What is the impact of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) on GFR?
28. True or False: The kidneys can excrete excess hydrogen ions to help regulate blood pH.
29. What does a GFR of less than 60 mL/min usually indicate?
30. Which part of the nephron is primarily responsible for the concentration of urine?
31. Cause → Effect: Decreased renal perfusion pressure results in _____.
32. Which of the following structures directly drains urine from the kidney to the bladder?
33. What condition can temporarily increase GFR?
34. What is the primary function of the glomerular filtration rate (GFR)?
35. In the case of a patient experiencing severe dehydration, what effect would you expect on their GFR?
36. Which of the following statements is NOT true regarding GFR?
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