A&P 1 sympathetic vs parasympathetic
This study set covers the differences and functions of the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems, important concepts in human physiology.
Quiz(48 questions)
1. What is the primary function of the parasympathetic nervous system?
Terms in this Study Set(48)
Sympathetic Nervous System(16)
Sympathetic Nervous System primary function?
Prepares the body for 'fight or flight' responses.
True or False: The sympathetic system conserves energy.
False. It increases energy expenditure to respond to stress.
Effects of sympathetic activation?
- Increased heart rate - Dilated airways - Reduced digestive activity
Which neurotransmitter is primarily involved?
Norepinephrine is the main neurotransmitter used in sympathetic responses.
Fill in the blank: Sympathetic nerves emerge from the _____ region.
thoracic and lumbar regions of the spinal cord.
Sympathetic response to stress?
Activates the adrenal medulla, releasing adrenaline.
What occurs to blood vessels during sympathetic activation?
Vasoconstriction occurs in non-essential areas, redirecting blood to muscles.
Sympathetic vs. Parasympathetic: energy usage?
Sympathetic increases energy use; parasympathetic conserves energy.
What happens to pupils under sympathetic control?
Pupils dilate to improve vision under low light conditions.
Cause → Effect: Stress activates sympathetic nervous system.
Resulting in increased heart rate and blood pressure.
Sympathetic system impacts on digestion?
Inhibits digestive processes to prioritize other functions.
What is the role of sweat glands in sympathetic response?
They are activated to promote sweating and cool the body.
True or False: Sympathetic responses are slow to initiate.
False. They are fast-acting to prepare for immediate action.
Primary ganglia location for sympathetic system?
Located close to the spinal cord in sympathetic trunks.
Effects on respiratory rate during sympathetic activation?
Respiratory rate increases to enhance oxygen intake.
Sympathetic system and blood sugar levels?
It stimulates the liver to release glucose, increasing blood sugar levels.
Parasympathetic Nervous System(16)
Parasympathetic Nervous System function?
Regulates 'rest and digest' activities. Promotes energy conservation and maintenance functions.
True or False: The parasympathetic nervous system speeds up heart rate.
False. It slows down heart rate, promoting relaxation and recovery.
Key neurotransmitter of the parasympathetic system?
Acetylcholine (ACh). It is released at synapses to activate target organs.
Fill in the blank: The parasympathetic system primarily uses __________ pathways.
Craniosacral. This refers to the origins of nerves in the brainstem and sacral region.
Main effects of the parasympathetic response?
- Decreased heart rate - Increased digestive activity - Constriction of pupils
What does the parasympathetic nervous system promote?
Energy conservation and restorative processes, such as digestion and waste elimination.
Comparison: Parasympathetic vs. Sympathetic?
Parasympathetic: Rest and digest. Sympathetic: Fight or flight.
Primary function of the vagus nerve?
Regulates heart rate, gastrointestinal peristalsis, and sweating.
Cause → Effect: Activation of parasympathetic system causes...
Decreased metabolic rate and increased saliva production.
Parasympathetic response to food intake?
Stimulates digestion, increases enzyme secretion, and promotes nutrient absorption.
Which cranial nerves are involved?
Mainly cranial nerves III, VII, IX, and X (vagus).
True or False: Parasympathetic activation dilates bronchi.
False. It constricts bronchi, reducing airflow during restful states.
Fill in the blank: The parasympathetic system encourages __________.
Relaxation and recovery after stress or activity.
What role does the parasympathetic system play in sexual function?
Facilitates erection and sexual arousal through vasodilation.
Effects of parasympathetic stimulation on pupils?
Causes constriction (miosis) for improved near vision.
Key concepts of parasympathetic dominance?
Promotes calmness, recovery, and digestive functions.
Comparative Functions(16)
Sympathetic response increases which bodily function?
Heart rate. The sympathetic nervous system prepares the body for 'fight or flight' by increasing heart rate.
Parasympathetic response primarily promotes what state?
Rest and digest. It conserves energy and maintains bodily functions during restful periods.
Fill in the blank: Sympathetic activation leads to ____ of blood vessels in muscles.
Dilation. This increases blood flow, enhancing physical performance during stress.
True or False: Sympathetic responses always involve increased digestion.
False. Sympathetic responses inhibit digestion while prioritizing immediate survival.
How do sympathetic and parasympathetic systems affect pupil size?
Sympathetic: dilation; Parasympathetic: constriction. This regulates light entry and visual focus.
Sympathetic responses typically involve which neurotransmitter?
Norepinephrine. It is released to enhance alertness and metabolic activity.
What effect does the parasympathetic system have on heart rate?
Decreases heart rate. It promotes calmness and reduces energy output.
Sympathetic vs. Parasympathetic: Which is responsible for sweating?
Sympathetic. It activates sweat glands during stress or heat.
Cause → Effect: Increased stress leads to ____ changes.
Sympathetic activation. This prepares the body for immediate physical response.
What is a common effect of parasympathetic activation?
Salivation. It enhances digestion and nutrient absorption after eating.
True or False: Both systems use acetylcholine as a neurotransmitter.
True. Acetylcholine is used in the parasympathetic system and at ganglia in the sympathetic system.
Sympathetic activation prepares the body by increasing what?
Blood glucose levels. This provides quick energy for muscular activity.
How do these systems interact during exercise?
Sympathetic dominates, increasing heart rate and energy supply, while parasympathetic is suppressed.
Fill in the blank: Parasympathetic activation can lead to ____ of bronchi.
Constriction. This reduces airflow during resting states.
What is the primary role of the sympathetic nervous system?
Mobilizing energy. It prepares the body for challenging situations, enhancing physical performance.
Describe the response of gastrointestinal activity during sympathetic activation.
Inhibition. Sympathetic responses decrease digestive processes to focus on immediate survival.
Questions in this Study Set(48)
1. What is the primary function of the parasympathetic nervous system?
2. What is the primary effect of sympathetic nervous system activation?
3. Which bodily function does the sympathetic nervous system primarily increase during stress?
4. True or False: The parasympathetic nervous system increases metabolic rate.
5. Which of the following neurotransmitters is associated with the sympathetic nervous system?
6. Parasympathetic activation primarily promotes which of the following states?
7. Which neurotransmitter is chiefly associated with the parasympathetic nervous system?
8. What happens to the pupils during sympathetic activation?
9. Fill in the blank: Sympathetic activation leads to ____ of blood vessels supplying the heart.
10. Fill in the blank: The parasympathetic nervous system primarily uses __________ pathways.
11. Which of the following is NOT a typical response of the sympathetic nervous system?
12. True or False: Sympathetic responses enhance digestion.
13. Which of the following is a main effect of the parasympathetic response?
14. Which region of the spinal cord do sympathetic nerves emerge from?
15. How do sympathetic and parasympathetic systems affect pupil size?
16. What does the activation of the parasympathetic nervous system promote?
17. What is the effect of sympathetic activation on blood vessels?
18. Which neurotransmitter is primarily released by the sympathetic nervous system?
19. How does the parasympathetic system affect digestion after eating?
20. How does the sympathetic nervous system influence blood sugar levels?
21. What effect does the parasympathetic system have on heart rate?
22. Which cranial nerves are primarily involved in the parasympathetic nervous system?
23. Which physiological effect is associated with a sympathetic response?
24. Which nervous system is responsible for activating sweat glands?
25. True or False: The parasympathetic nervous system dilates bronchi during relaxation.
26. What role do sweat glands play during sympathetic activation?
27. What is the relationship between increased stress and sympathetic activation?
28. Fill in the blank: The parasympathetic system encourages __________.
29. Which of the following statements about sympathetic responses is true?
30. What is a common effect of parasympathetic activation on the digestive system?
31. What role does the parasympathetic system play in sexual function?
32. What is the relationship between the sympathetic nervous system and digestive processes?
33. True or False: Both systems use norepinephrine as a neurotransmitter.
34. What happens to pupil size during parasympathetic stimulation?
35. What is a common cause of sympathetic activation?
36. What effect does sympathetic activation have on blood glucose levels?
37. Which of the following is NOT a key concept of parasympathetic dominance?
38. Which effect does the sympathetic nervous system have on salivation?
39. In what way do sympathetic and parasympathetic systems interact during rest?
40. What effect does the parasympathetic system have on salivation?
41. How does the sympathetic nervous system affect body temperature regulation?
42. Fill in the blank: Parasympathetic activation can lead to ____ of bronchi.
43. How does the parasympathetic system affect heart rate?
44. Which of the following best describes the overall goal of the sympathetic nervous system?
45. What is the primary role of the sympathetic nervous system?
46. Which of the following best describes the primary physiological response of the parasympathetic nervous system during a meal?
47. What effect does the sympathetic nervous system have on heart rate?
48. Describe the effect on gastrointestinal activity during sympathetic activation.
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